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Abnormal Psychology > Ch. 8: Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorders > Flashcards

Ch. 8: Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Define depression?

A

a low, sad state in which life seems dark and overwhelming

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2
Q

What are the 5 symptoms of depression?

A

Emotional, motivational, behavioral, cognitive and physical

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3
Q

Name the aspects of the emotional symptoms of depression?

A

sadness, increased crying, “empty”

Anhedonia: no pleasure

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4
Q

Name the aspects of the motivational symptoms of depression?

A

Paralysis of will (Beck), helpless, hopeless, must force self to work and eat

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5
Q

Name the aspects of the behavioral symptoms of depression?

A

less active and productive

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6
Q

Name the aspects of the cognitive symptoms of depression?

A

negative thoughts

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7
Q

Name the aspects of the physical symptoms of depression?

A

headaches, dizziness, constipation, general pain

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8
Q

What are the disorders related to depression?

A 
MDD
PMDD 
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Disruptive Mood regulation
Substance-induced depressive disorder
Depression due to medical condition
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9
Q

What are the characteristics of MDD?

A 
Daily depressed mood
Diminished pleasure
Weight gain/loss
Insomnia/hypersomnia
Fatigue
Feelings of worthlessness
No mania present
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10
Q

What is the coding procedure for depression?

A

Single vs. Recurrent episode
Severity
Specifiers (anxious distress, melancholic features, mood-congruent features, catatonia)

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11
Q

Describe persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)?

A 
Depressed mood for more than 2 years (never w/o symptoms for 2 months)
-poor appetite/overeating
in/hyper somnia
low energy/self-esteem
poor concentration
hoplessness
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12
Q

Describe PMDD

A

Females experience depression symptoms and other related symptoms during the week prior to their period.

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13
Q

Describe disruptive mood regulation disorder.

A

Persistent depressive symptoms in conjunction with recurrent outbursts of severe temper, present for 12+ months
Dx not made before 6 yrs old or after 10 yrs old

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14
Q

Describe the biological view of depression.

A

Some inherit a predisposition, low levels of neurotransmitters or high cortisol. Malfunction of prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala. Or lower lymphocytes

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15
Q

Describe psychodynamic view of depression.

A

Introjection-feelings turned inward(ex: grief)

Symbolic - imagined loss (ex: unrelated event)

Anaclitic depression – depression in young children after separation from mother

Early loss may lead to depression later in life

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16
Q

Describe the behavioral view of depression.

A

Significant changes in rewards and punishments (ex: pro athlete)

Social rewards may be linked to depression

17
Q

Describe the cognitive view of depression.

A

Maladaptive attitudes – role of early experiences
Cognitive triad – negative view of self, world, future
Errors in thinking- misinterpret events
Automatic thoughts – pop up (“I’m an idiot”)
Learned helplessness – think you have no control

18
Q

Describe the sociocultural view of depression.

A 
Depression is linked to decreased social support 
Divorce
Separation
Family chaos
Social isolation
19
Q

Describe the multicultural view of depression.

A

Cultural Background
Some common characteristics
Some differences among cultures

20
Q

_______ are twice as likely to be diagnosed with depression

A

Women

21
Q

What is artifact theory?

A

Men are as likely to be depressed but it is underdiagnosed

22
Q

What’s the hormone explanation?

A

Females experience frequent hormone changes

23
Q

What is rumination?

A

repeatedly focus on feelings

24
Q

What are the types of bipolar disorder?

A 
Unipolar
Bipolar I and II
Cyclothymic
Substance-induced
Due to medical condition/unspecified
25
Q

What are the symptoms of bipolar disorder?

A

Lows of depression and highs of mania

26
Q

What are the symptoms of mania?

A 
Emotional: feelings of joy, few have anger
Motivational: needs constant excitement
Behavioral: active and flamboyant
Cognitive: Poor judgment and planning
Physical: little sleep and high energy
27
Q

Describe a manic episode.

A 
1 wk. period of elevated mood and increased energy. 3 of the following needed:
Inflated self-esteem
Increased talkativeness
Flight of ideas/distracted
Increase in goal directed activity
28
Q

Describe the coding for bipolar disorders.

A

Current episode (manic, depressed, hypomanic)
Severity (mild, moderate, with psychotic features, etc.)
Specifiers: With anxious distress, mixed features, melancholy, atypical features, mood-congruent)

29
Q

Describe bipolar I

A

Presence of manic state and if current episode is hypomanic/depressive there is history of manic episode.

30
Q

Describe bipolar II

A

Presence of major depressive episode, history of hypomanic episodes, but none of manic episodes

31
Q

Describe cyclothymic disorder.

A

For at least 2 years, presence of hypomanic symptoms and minor depressive symptoms (do not meet criteria for MDD)
Symptoms do not remit for more than a 2 month period
No MDD in first year

32
Q

What does biological theory say about the cause of bipolar?

A

Neurotransmitters: Theory that low serotonin and high norepinephrine together may be linked to mania.
Ion activity: Ions help transmit messages within neurons. Membrane defects in neurons

33
Q

What about the brain structure could cause bipolar disorder?

A

Smaller basal ganglia and cerebellum

Lower volume of gray matter

34
Q

What about the genetic makeup could cause bipolar disorder?

A

Family pedigree, twin, adoption studies

Molecular biology – genetic abnormalities on specific chromosomes linked to Bipolar Disorder

35
Q

Describe unipolar depressive disorders.

A

Group of disorders marked by unipolar depression
19% of all adults experience an episode of severe unipolar depression in their lifetime
Women twice as likely to experience than men
86% recover
40% will have recurrence

36
Q

Describe bipolar disorders.

A

Group of disorders marked by alternating periods of depression and mania
Much less common than unipolar depression

Abnormal Psychology (9 decks)

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