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Biology 1&2 > Unit 1: Cells, Energy Transformations and Digestive System > Flashcards

Unit 1: Cells, Energy Transformations and Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

Membrane where materials enter/exit a cell

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2
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Movement of materials from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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3
Q

Name 2 characteristics that Eukaryotic cells have, that Prokaryotic cells don’t.

A 
Eukaryotes....
have a defined Nucleus.
have linear chromosomes.
Complex Structure
Large Size
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4
Q

What’s the difference between hydrophilic & hydrophobic?

A 
Hydrophilic = Water Loving
Hydrophobic = Water Fearing
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5
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Movement of water across semi-permeable membrane from a solution of lower concentration to higher concentration.

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6
Q

What are the 2 major components of pm?

A

Proteins & Phospholipids

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7
Q

What is a phospholipid made of?

A

1 molecule is made of 2 fatty chains joined to a phospahet

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8
Q

What are the 2 main types of proteins?

A

Integral and Peripheral

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9
Q

Where are integral proteins found?

A

Either side of pm

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10
Q

What can attach to integral proteins?

A

Carbohydrate Groups

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11
Q

Where are peripheral proteins found?

A

Exterior of pm

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12
Q

Which of the 2 main proteins separate from the pm easier?

A

Peripheral

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13
Q

What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?

A

Model of pm structure suggesting pm as 2D fluid with proteins embedded.

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14
Q

What are the 4 functions of the pm?

A
  1. Active Boundary
  2. Cell Identity
  3. Receive External Signals
  4. Transport
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15
Q

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

A

Form of diffusion involving carrier and channel proteins.

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16
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

Movement of substances pm in the opposite direction they travel in regular diffusion. So lower to higher.

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17
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

Movement of solid particles/bulk liquids into a cell.

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18
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A

Transport of bulk material out of a cell.

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19
Q

How do plants/algae transform energy?

A

Sunlight to Chemical via photosynthesis

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20
Q

How do animals/fungi transform energy?

A

Organic molecules through food. Chemical energy

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21
Q

What is Cellular Respiration?

A

Process by which chemical energy of glucose is transformed into ATP.

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22
Q

What are Autotrophs?

A

Organisms that produce their own energy

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23
Q

What are Heterotrophs?

A

Organism that absorbs food in the form of organic material obtained from their environment.

24
Q

What is a Photosynthetic Autotroph?

A

Organism that obtains energy from sunlight.

25
Q

What is a Chemosynthetic Autotroph?

A

Organism that obtains energy from carbon fixation.

26
Q

What is the WORDED formula of Photosynthesis?

A

Carbon Dioxide + Water ——-> Glucose + Oxygen + Water
chlorophyll
sunlight

27
Q

What is the CHEMICAL formula of Photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 12H2O ——-> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
chlorophyll
sunlight

28
Q

What are 2 stages of Photosynthesis?

A

Light Dependant Stage & Light Independent Stage

29
Q

Where is chlorophyll found?

A

Chloroplasts

30
Q

Where does Light Dependant Stage occur?

A

Thylakoid membranes (chloroplasts)

31
Q

Where does Light Independent Stage occur?

A

Stroma

32
Q

Difference between Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration?

A

Aerobic Respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, Anaerobic Respiration does not.

33
Q

What is the equation for Alcohol Fermentation?

A

C6H12O6 ————> 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2
Glucose ————> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
Yeast

34
Q

What is the formula for Lactic Acid Fermentation?

A

C6H12O6 ——–> C3H6O3 + ATP

Glucose ——-> lactic acid + ATP

35
Q

What are 12 components of Digestive System? (Mnemonic)

A

M Mrs Mouth
S Stephenson Salivary Glands
O Owns Oesophagus
S Some Stomach
L Library Liver
G Goods. Gall Bladder
P Please Pancreas
S Submit Small Intestine
C Cover Caecum
L Letters to Large Intestine
R Request Rectum
A Appeals Anus

36
Q

How long does digestion take in humans?

A

Approx 24 hours

37
Q

How does food move through digestive system?

A

Via Peristalsis- Muscular contractions

38
Q

How long is the digestive tract in Humans?

A

Approx 8 meters

39
Q

What are the 2 types of digestion?

A

Mechanical and Chemical

40
Q

What’s the difference between Mechanical and Chemical Digestion?

A

Mechanical involves movement like peristalsis or chewing, while chemical involves chemicals such as enzymes to break down food.

41
Q

What enzyme does Saliva contain?

A

Amylase

42
Q

How long is the Oesophagus in Humans?

A

20-23 cm long

43
Q

What 4 things make up gastric juice?

A

Hydrochloric Acid, Water, Mucus & Enzymes

44
Q

What substance does the Stomach turn the food into?

A

Chyme

45
Q

What are the 3 main regions of the Small Intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jujenum, Ilieum

46
Q

What 3 organs secrete chemicals which help the Small Intestine to digest food?

A

Pancreas, Liver & Gall Bladder

47
Q

What 4 things does the Duodenum break down?

A

Phospholipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins & Fats

48
Q

What does the Liver produce?

A

Bile

49
Q

When does Bile secrete into the Duodenum?

A

When it detects chyme in it.

50
Q

What happens to excess bile in the Duodenum?

A

It gets stored in Gall Bladder, until needed.

51
Q

What happens in Jejunum and Ileum?

A

More enzymes continue to break food down.

52
Q

What is the Small Intestine lined with?

A

Villi, which are covered in microvilli

53
Q

What percentage of absorption occurs in the Small Intestine, and the Stomach/Large Intestine.

A

90% in Small Intestine, 10% in Stomach/Large Intestine

54
Q

What 2 things are included in Large Intestine?

A

Colon and Rectum

55
Q

How long is the Large Intestine?

A

Approx 1.5m

56
Q

What is the Large Intestine’s main function?

A

To absorb most of the water from the chyme/faeces.

Biology 1&2 (5 decks)

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