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PCM > Biomechanics > Flashcards

Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Galileo Galilei

A

Interested in structure of bones
Animals’ with large mass bones increase in girth (theorized adaptation to load bearing)
Suggested that bones are hollow for this affords maximum strength with minimum weight

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2
Q

Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

A

Studied walking, running, jumping, and piston action of the heart within a mechanical framework
Determined position of the center of gravity
Calculated and measured inspired and expired air volumes
Showed that inspiration is muscle driven and expiration is due to tissue elasticity

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3
Q

Andrew Taylor Still

A

Frontier minister, Doctor, farmer, millwright

Applied principles of mechanics to human afflictions

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4
Q

Structure

A

Three-dimensional and respond to applied forces, and to motion, in each dimension

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5
Q

Function

A

Different types of structures respond to forces applied to them differently

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6
Q

Levers

A

Most common
Torque and length

1st class: head (OA joint)
2nd class: toe off
3rd class: elbow flexion (most common)

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7
Q

Wheel-Axles

A

Function essentially as a form of a lever

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8
Q

Pulleys

A

Single pulleys function to change effective direction of force application

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9
Q

Joint Motion

A

Muscle contraction
Drawing a distal segment more proximal
Distal segment will rotate about the center of the joint

Muscle contraction effectively mobilizes one segment of the involved structures while simultaneously stabilizing another

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10
Q

Relaxation

A

As the matrix of the segment reaches equilibrium or a neutral position the load necessary to maintain the length of the segment will decrease

aka flexibility

Important to balance with strength to maintain an effective, full ROM of the joint

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11
Q

Relative Motions of Joints Surfaces

A 
Gliding
Rolling
Spin
Compress
Distract
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12
Q

Strength

A

Amount of force needed to contract a muscle
Dependent on degree of resistance (aka load) experienced
Produces a rotation (torque)
Center or rotation, fulcrum or axis, is created at the point of muscle insertion

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13
Q

The Moment

A

Force being applied plus the moment arm

Force x distance

Used to overcome the resistance on the distal limb

Exerts a moment into the joint

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14
Q

Moment Arm

A

The distance from the center of the joint to where the contracting muscle is attached

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15
Q

Joint Reaction Force

A

Sum of the separate moments, together with the force of the contracting muscle directed into the joint

Applies a stress to the joint during movement

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16
Q

Stiffness

A

Amount of force necessary to bend an object

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17
Q

Viscosity of a Tissue

A

Related to its’ water content

Rapid stretch: increased resistance

Slower stretch: less resistance = creep

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18
Q

Stress

A

Force acted upon a structure

  • tension - acts to stretch
  • compression
  • shearing - acts parallel to the surface
  • bending - acts to fold about an axis
  • torsion - twists about an axis
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19
Q

Load

A

Sum of all stresses on an object

Tissue deformation can result from mechanical loading

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20
Q

Applied Force: External

A

Pressure applied to an object at rest (manipulative thrust)
Moving object require no force
Magnitude and combination of vectors leads to a resultant applied force

Produced from outside the body and originate from: gravity, inertia, direct contact

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21
Q

Applied Force: Internal

A

Force generated to achieve limb movement
Ex: muscle contraction

Muscular, joint, and skeletal actions of hate body during the execution of a given task

Only muscles can actively generate internal force
Tension in tendons, connective tissue, ligaments, and joint capsules may generate passive internal forces

Excessive cumulative internal forces can: fracture bones, dislocate joints, disrupted muscles and connective tissues

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22
Q

Ground Reaction Forces (GRF)

A

Force exerted by the ground on a body in contact with the ground

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23
Q

Vertical Load

A

Summarize weight transmitted through the kinetic chain to the ground

24
Q

Friction

A

Force that results from the resistance between surfaces of two objects from moving upon one another

25
Q

Strain

A

Magnitude of the force applied to the insertion or the muscle at the bone
Results in a compensatory change in the shape or deformation of the bone

26
Q

Deformation

A

Lost resiliency of the structure

A recurrent or persistent load is necessary to maintain a constant deformation

27
Q

Static

A

Study of systems that are Ina constant state of motion

Involve all forces acting on a body being in balance resulting in the body being in equilibrium

28
Q

Dynamic

A

Study of systems in motion with acceleration

System in acceleration is unbalanced to to unequal forces acting on the body

29
Q

Kinematics

A

Description of motion and includes consideration of time, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and space factors of a system’s motion

30
Q

Kinetics

A

Study of forces associated with the motion of a body

31
Q

Balance

A

Ability to control equilibrium, either static or dynamic

32
Q

Equilibrium

A

State of zero acceleration where there is no change in the speed or direction of the body

Static equilibrium: body is at rest or completely motionless

Dynamic equilibrium: all applied and inertial forces acting on the moving body are in balance, resulting in movement with unchanged speed or direction

33
Q

Stability

A

The resistance to a change in the body’s acceleration, disturbance of the body’s equilibrium

To control equilibrium and achieve balance stability needs t one maximized

34
Q 
Who defined the concept of "center of gravity"?
A. Andrew Taylor Still
B. Galileo Galilei
C. Giovanni Alfonso Borelli
D. John J. Dougherty
E. Leonardo da Vinci
A

C. Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

35
Q 
Stress through the joint during movement results in a reciprocal reaction by the structures within that joint (Joint reaction force). This reaction is in direct response to which of the following contributing factors:
A. Moments (length)
B. Load (weight)
C. Elasticity
D. A & B
E. A, B, & C
A

D. A & B

36
Q 
Which of the following applies a stress to the joint during movement?
A. Anatomical joint lever
B. Cumulative load
C. Joint reaction force
D. Tissue deformation
A

C. Joint reaction force => tissue deformation

37
Q 
Deformation can result in loss of:
A. Range of motion
B. Relaxation
C. Resiliency
D. Viscosity
E. All of the above
A

E. All of the above

38
Q 
A slow stretch resulting in more complete expression of fluid from within the matrix is known as:
A. Creep
B. Force
C. Friction
D. Strain
E. Stress
A

A. Creep

39
Q

Tenets of Osteopathic Medicine

A

The body is a unit; the person is a unit of body, mind, and spirit
The body is capable of self-regulation, self-healing, and health maintenance
Structure and function are reciprocally interrelated
Rational treatment is based upon an understanding of the basic principles of body unity, self-regulation, and the interrelationship of structure and function

40
Q

Primary Joint Types

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Cartilaginous and synovial = vast majority where motion occurs

41
Q

Somatic Dysfunction

A

Compensatory change to maintain homeostasis => functional correction => unintentional alteration of a structural function

42
Q

Hard Biomaterials

A

Bone
Undergo mechanical deformation
May be analyzed with the theory of linear elasticity

Can alter size, shape, and structure to withstand the stresses placed upon it

43
Q

Soft Tissue Biomaterials

A

Usually undergo large deformations

Cartilage
Tendon
Muscle
Skin

44
Q

Wolff’s Law (1870)

A

Bone is increased where needed and reabsorbed where it is not
Increased density/hyper trophy related to increase stresses
Decreased - condition of disuse, aging
Can lead to altered stress/strain properties of the bone

45
Q

Remodeling and Adaptation: Cartilage

A

Trauma or abnormal wear leads to structural disruption of matrix
Loses elasticity therefore increases stiffness
Limited capacity to regenerate or repair
With repeated high stresses can lead to development of degenerative joint disease

Type I = fibrous = between bones
Type II = hyland = end of bones

46
Q

Remodeling and Adaption: Ligaments and Tendons

A

Become stronger and stiffer with increased stress
Number and quality of collagen cross-links increase
Become weaker and less stiff with a reduction of stress
Loss of collagen
Lower deformation to fail: immobilization, aging

47
Q

Remodeling and Adaption: Skeletal Muscle

A

Muscle fiber will have Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands (S.A.I.D. Principle)
Remodels according to the stresses placed upon it
Hyper trophy with physical training results from increased cross section of fibers
Atrophy results from disuse or functional alteration of nerve stimulus to the muscle

48
Q

Fatigue

A

Accumulated breakdown of the structure due to repeated application of stresses

49
Q

Chronic Somatic Dysfunction Characterisics

A

Fibrosis (excess collagen fibers laid down)
Contracture
Skin is thin, dry, cool
Muscles may feel fibrotic

50
Q

Anterior Pelvic Tilt => Lordotic Back

A

Pelvis tilts forward and pulls lumbar spine into lordosis

51
Q

Posterior Pelvic Tilt => Flat Back

A

Pelvis tilts backward and pulls lumbar spine flat

52
Q

Forward Shifted Pelvis => Swayback

A

Pelvis shifts forward and is also tilted backward
Upper trunk shifts backward to compensate
Knees are hyperextended

53
Q

Osteopathic Structural Exam

A

Gait and station (posture)
Anterior and posterior spinal curve - scoliosis
TART findings: tenderness, asymmetry, restriction of motion, tissue texture changes
Inspection
Percussion
Palpation

Note any misalignment, asymmetry, crepitation, defects, tenderness, masses, or effusions

Range of motion: note any pain, crepitation, or contracture
Stability: note any dislocation (luxation), subluxation, or laxity
Muscle strength and tone - flaccid, cog wheel, spastic: note any atrophy, abnormal movements

54
Q 
A 43-year-old female presents complaining of pain on the bottom of her feet that is worse with the first few steps in the morning. The pain is at times a 7 out of 10, ibuprofen helps some as does wearing her high heels, which she reports having worn daily since she was 19. An x-ray of her feet is ordered which shows bilateral anterior calcaneal spurs. The cause is most likely from excessive altered mechanical loading from her high heels. As a result of this altered mechanical loading, which of the following changes has occurred bilaterally to her calcanei?
A. Crepitance
B. Deformation
C. Eburnation
D. Relaxation
E. Viscosity
A

B. Deformation

55
Q

Leonardo da Vinci

A

Recognized as the first true biomechanist
First to study anatomy in the context of mechanics
Analyzed muscle forces as acting along lines connecting origins and insertions and studied joint function

PCM (26 decks)

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