Lecture 8 Information Processing

Question 1

What is Reaction Time (RT)?

Answer 1

Time between the presentation of a stimulus and the initiation of movement.

Question 2

What is Movement Time(MT)?

Answer 2

Time between the initiation of movement and its completion

Question 3

What is Response Time?

Answer 3

Reaction Time + Movement Time

Question 4

Reaction Time and Movement Time are independent. What is needed to measure Response Time?

Answer 4

Stimulus and Timing Device

Question 5

What is the Foreperiod? What happens if foreperiod is constant length?

Answer 5

• Warning Signal before stimulus is present

* If foreperiod is constant length, Reaction tim will decrease

Question 6

In case of a sprinter, what is the: Reaction Time, Movement Time and Response Time?…

Answer 6

For a sprinter:

• Stimulus= gunshot
• Movement Time = When reaction started
• Response Time = Time of starting and ending a race

Question 7

What are the (4) Reaction Time Situations?

Answer 7

• Simple Reaction Time
• Go/No Go Reaction Time
• Choice Reaction Time
• Discrimination Reaction Time

Question 8

What is Simple RT? Example.

Answer 8

One Signal, One Response (Sprinter)

Question 9

What is Go/No Go RT? Example.

Answer 9

Multiple Signals, One Response (Baseball Batter)

Question 10

What is Choice RT? Example

Answer 10

Multiple Signals, each with possible different responses to choose ( traffic signal )

Question 11

What is Discrimination RT? Example.

Answer 11

Multiple / simultaneous signals, only one response (joggers avoiding obstacles)

Question 12

What are (2) further components of Reaction Time?

Answer 12

• Premotor

* Motor

Question 13

What is Premotor?

Answer 13

Time from stimulus to beginning of EMG activity, THEREFORE there is no EMG activity happening yet

Question 14

What is Motor?

Answer 14

Time from onset EMG activity to action of movement ,

THERFORE there is some muscle activation BUT no movement

Question 15

Why is it possible that there can be no movement in the Motor component?

Answer 15

Body has inertia and needs time to make it move.

Question 16

What are the (2) information processes of RT?

Answer 16

• Seriel

* Parellel

Question 17

Environment can effect Stimulus Identification. What are (2) main steps involved to sense change in environment/?

Answer 17

1) Transform stimulus to neurological impulse

2) Stimulus must be recognized, or matched with pervious experience (perception)

Question 18

What can effect your identification of stimulus?

Answer 18

Clarity (Sharper Vision)
Intensity (Brighter/Louder)
Modality (React to auditory stimulus faster than visual)

Question 19

What can increase/decrease reaction by response selection?

Answer 19

1) Number of Stimulus-Response Options

2) Stimulus Response Compatibility

Question 20

What is the curved relationship between number of choices and Reaction Time?

Answer 20

Linear

Question 21

______ increases logarithmically as number of ________ increases?

Answer 21

Reaction Time increases as # of choices increase

Question 22

As numbers of choices increase, what happens to Reaction Time? Why?

Answer 22

Reaction Time increases BECAUSE more options will require time to think and choose the right one

Question 23

Brain processes like a computer, what does response time base on?

Answer 23

Bits of information

Example: 1 bit of information = 2^1 (2 choices)

Question 24

What are the (2) study exceptions to Hick’s Law?

Answer 24

• “Practice” (Mowbray and Rhodes, 1959)

* “Digit Naming” (Mowbray, 1960)

Question 25

What was found in “Practice” Study (Mowbray and Rhodes, 1959)?

Answer 25

When you practice a lot, you can reduce reaction time.

*4 choice RT was reduced to 2 choice RT

Question 26

What was found in “Digit Naming” Study ( Mowbray, 1960)?

Answer 26

Visually present number and calling it out has no difference in reaction because it is highly practiced and a direct response

*Calling 2 different numbers or 10 numbers is no difference,

Question 27

What happens to the Reaction Time as stimulus and response improves?

Answer 27

Reaction Time will decrease

Question 28

What is the Stroop Effect?

Answer 28

Saying color ink of a word

Question 29

What are steps an individual must prepare for before initiating a response?

Answer 29

• Select a response
• Have motor program prepared
• Ready Motor System for action

Question 30

What is an example of possibly increasing/decreasing reaction time by influencing response programming phase?

Answer 30

complexity of movement result

Question 31

What was found during Henry & Rogers Experiment (1960)?

Answer 31

Simple Reaction time changes as movement becomes more complex

Example:
*Lifting Finger THEN *Lifting Finger, & grasping ball THEN *Lifting Finger, touching ball, hit button…

Question 32

What is related to increasing reaction time to complexity of response increase?

Answer 32

• Number of parts to movement sequence
• Movement accuracy required
• Movement duration

Question 33

What other factors can influent Reaction Time?

Answer 33

Precuing
Foreperiod
Repeitions of Movements

Question 34

What is Precuring?

Answer 34

Risk of acting before stimulus

Example: Shooting without knowing if there is a defender behind you

Question 35

How can a constant Foreperiod effect Reaction Time?

Answer 35

Reaction Time will decrease

BASICALLY, Predicting stimulus before it happens

Question 36

In 2 different responses, Reaction time will increase for the second time. How does this work for Basketball Fake?

What is this called? _________ ____________ Period.

Answer 36

When doing a basketball fake, fake a shot and waiting for the defender to complete their jump before jumping again (2nd time).

This is called PSYOLOGICAL REFRACTORY PERIOD

Question 37

In the equation:

Choice Reaction Time = a + b [Log2(N)]

What is a & b?

Answer 37

a = simple reaction time ; y-intercept

b= amount that RT increases every time uncertainty doubles ; slope

Question 38

Wen responding to 2 different signals, Will Reaction time increase or decrease for the second movement?

Answer 38

Increase