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Renal > 1.5: Renal Histology > Flashcards

1.5: Renal Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are three functions of the kidney?

A
  • Maintain water and electrolyte homeostasis
  • Excrete toxic metabolic waste products
  • Act as an endocrine gland - secrets renin and erythropoietin
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2
Q

Describe the renal capsule?

A

Thin but strong capsule of dense collagen fibres

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3
Q

Describe the renal hilum?

A

This is the site of entry for the renal artery and the site of exit of the renal vein and ureter

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4
Q

Label these parts of the kidney? (A–>F)

A

A = Cortex

B = Capsule

C = Calyx

D = Renal Pelvis

E = Renal Papilla

F = Medullary Pyramid

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5
Q

What is the smallest functional unit of the kidney?

A

A Nephron

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6
Q

What are nephrons composed of?

A

They are composed of a renal corpuscle and renal tubules

Renal Corpuscle = Red Circle

Nephron = Blue Circle

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7
Q

What is the function of the renal corpuscle?

A

This filters

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8
Q

What is the function of the renal tubules?

A

These modify the urinary filtrate (reabsorption of nutrients, electryoltes etc.)

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9
Q

Approxiametly how many nephrons are in each kidney?

A

About 1 million

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10
Q

Where is the medullary papilla?

A

At the end of the collecting duct

Urine drips off the medullary papilla into the minor calyx

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11
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

This is composed of a knot/tuft of capillaries that forms the glomerulus

Sits inside a capsule = Bowmans capsule

It separates blood from the urinary filtrate

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12
Q

What supplies and drains the renal corpuscle?

A

Supplied by afferent arteriole

Drained by efferent arteriole

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13
Q

Describe the cells of Bowman’s capsule?

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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14
Q

Describe what separates the blood and the urinary filtrate?

A

Two layers of cells

Endothelium and Epithelium

Epithelium contains podocytes

Thick basil lamina between the layers of cells

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15
Q

Describe the podocytes?

A

These are cells found in the epithelium of the renal corpuscle

They have finger like projections that interdigitate to form filtration slits

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16
Q

Describe how the urinary filtrate moves from the blood into Bowman’s space?

A

Passes through basement membrane

Passes through epithelium

Passes through filtration slits formed by podocytes

Into bowmans space

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17
Q

What is the main filtering element in the renal corpuscle?

A

The thickened basal lamina

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18
Q

The volume of filtrate produced greatly exceeds the volume of urine excreted by the body. Why?

A

A large volume of the filtrate is reabsorbed and isn’t excreted in the urine

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19
Q

What type of cells are in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Simple cuboidal cells sitting on a basement membrane

20
Q

Describe the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

These cells are very complex

They have components for reabsorption of many nutrients and electrolytes

They have many microvilli in a brush border to increase the surface area

21
Q

What kind of cells are these?

Where would they be found?

A

These are simple cuboidal cells

They would be found in the proximal covoluted tubules (look at the brush border)

22
Q

Describe the structure of the loop of henle?

A

Thin descending tube

Changes direction into a thin ascending tube

Becomes a thick ascending tube

23
Q

What is the role of the loop of henle?

A

The role of the loop of henle is to create a high osmotic pressure in the surronding tissue of the medulla

Establishes a high osmotic environment in the medulla

Allows body to modify urine

24
Q

What lines the thin parts of the loop of henle?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

25
Q

What lines the thick part of the loop of henle?

A

Simple Cuiboidal Epithelium

26
Q

What lines the collecting ducts in the loop of henle?

A

Simple Cuiboidal Epithelium

27
Q

Label this diagram?

A –> D

(IGNORE THE E)

A

A = Vasa Recta

B = Thick Ascending Limb

C = Thin Limb

D = Collecting Duct

E = Also a collecting duct

28
Q

Describe the vasculature of the nephrons?

A

Vasculature dives down into the medulla

Does a 180 hairpin turn

Comes back out of the medulla

Called the vasa recta

29
Q

Describe the cells of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Simple Cuiboidal Epithelium

No microvilli/brush border unlike proximal

30
Q

Identify these two diagrams?

A

Diagram 1 = Proximal Convoluted Tubule (Brush border)

Diagram 2 = Distal Convoluted Tubule (No brush border)

31
Q

Describe the cells of the collecting ducts?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

32
Q

Describe the route of the collecting ducts?

A

Found in the cortex

Pass in the medulla

Collecting ducts focus at the point of the medullary pyramids

Urine drips onto renal papilla and minor calyx

33
Q

What lines the urinary space (and the rest of the route followed by urine)

A

Uroethelium/Transitional Epithelium

34
Q

How is the neprhon regulated?

A

Negative feedback mechanism through the juxtaglomerular appartus

35
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular appartus?

A

The distal convoluted tubule of a nephron passes over the renal corpuscle (of the same nephron)

Allows for negative feedback

The juxtaglomerular apparatus examines the contents of the distal convoluted tubule

36
Q

Describe the components of the juxtuglomerular appartus?

A
  • Macula Densa
  • Juxtaglomerular cells
  • Extraglomerular cells (lacis cells)
37
Q

Describe the structure of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

The macula densa sits on the renal corpuscle, on the side of the distal convoluted tube

The modified mesangial cells sit in the middle

The juxtaglomerular cells are smooth muscle cells in the walls of the arterioles

38
Q

Describe how the juxtaglomerular apparatus works?

A

Distal convoluted tubule passes over renal corpuscle

Macula densa examines the contents

If necessary, it stimulates the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin into the blood stream

Intiation of feedback mechanism

39
Q

Describe the route of urine from the collecting ducts to expulsion?

What epithelium lines this route?

A

Collecting ducts

Renal Papilla

Minor Calyx

Major Calyx

Renal Pelvis

Ureter

Bladder

Urethra

Expulsion

Lined by urothelium/transitionary epithelium

40
Q

Label the parts of this diagram?

A–>E

A

A = Distal Convoluted Tubule

B = Macula Densa

C = Lacis Cells (Extraglomerular)

D = Juxtaglomerular Cells

E = Afferent Arteriole

41
Q

Describe the special features of the epithelium lining the urinary tract?

A
  • Variable in thickness as there is differnet states of distension (4-6cells thick when bladder empty, 2-3 cells thick when bladder full)
  • Impermeable barrier at membrane (prevents urine leakage)
42
Q

Describe the domed cells?

A

Also called umbrella cells

Found facing the urinary space (Eg: Bladder)

These can ivaginate to decrease surface area (empty bladder) and can be brought back out when increased surface area is needed (full bladder)

43
Q

What are the black arrows pointing to?

A

Umbrella Cells

These can invaginate to decrease surface area when bladder is empty or come back out when surface area needs increased due to full bladder

44
Q

Describe the smooth muscle of the proximal and distal ureter?

A

Much more smooth msucle in the distal ureter than in the proximal

45
Q

Describe the female urethra?

A

Short

Transitions to squamous stratified epithelium

46
Q

Describe the male urethra?

A

Longer

Originally urothelium

Transitions to keratinzed stratified squamous

47
Q

Describe the structure of the prostate gland?

A

Exocrine gland

Has lots of connective tissue in the stroma

Renal (34 decks)

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