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Physiology > Endocrine Control Of Growth And Development > Flashcards

Endocrine Control Of Growth And Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are somatomedians

A

Insulin like growth hormones - IGF’s

Prod in somatotrophs and cause sec of GH

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2
Q

What are the thyroid hormones

A

T3 - triiodothyronine

T4 - tetrauidothyroinine

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3
Q

What does calcitonin, vit d and PTH all functionally have in common

A

They help regulate the calcium balance in the body

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4
Q

What are oestrogens and testosterone important for

A

Imp for the development of secondary sexual differentiations

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5
Q

Explain GH secretion

A

In daily bursts not continuous
Initiated by GHRH
Secretion terminated by somatostatin

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6
Q

Where is GHRH and somatostatin produced

A

The hypothalamus

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7
Q

What is diurnal rhythm

A

Sleep/wake pattern

Peak sec highest in morning and decreases though the day

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8
Q

What happens if GH is injected to a hypophysectomised animal

A

Stimulation of bone growth
Stim of protein syn
Stim RBC prod
Anti insulin effect - increase hepatic glucose, promote lipolysis and decreased glucose uptake

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9
Q

What are the effects of GH

A

Growth by increasing protein syn in tissues it increase num and size of cells
In bone it promotes IGF1 which bone growth at epiphyseal plates before close off

Has metabolic actions

  • increase net syn of protein
  • decreases glucose uptake
  • increase lipolysis
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10
Q

What are the stimulants for GH secretion

A 
Deficiency of energy substrate 
Hypoglycaemia 
Exercise and fasting 
Increases in blood amino acids arg or leu
Glucagon 
Stress
Deep sleep
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11
Q

What are the inhabitants of GH

A 
Rapid eye movement sleep 
Hyperglycaemia 
Cortisol 
Free fatty acids 
GH 
Hypothyroidism 
Ageing
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12
Q

What does GH do to carbohydrates

A

Increases blood glucose
Decreases peripheral insulin sensitivity
Increases hepatic glucose output

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13
Q

What does GH do to proteins

A

Increase the tissue amino acid uptake
Increase incorporation into proteins
Decrease urea production

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14
Q

What does gh do to lipids

A

Lipolysis - activates hormone sensitive lipase (ligase stimulated by adrenaline and GH) yield FA’s

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15
Q

What does GH do to IGF’s

A

Stimulates production of IGF’s
Stimulates growth
Is mitigenic ( stim grow in soft tissues)

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16
Q

What produces IGF-1

A

The liver

17
Q

What causes the production of IGF-1

A

The sce of GH

18
Q

What does IGF-1 do

A

Stimulate the bone growth and cell proliferation leading to soft tissue growth

19
Q

What can sometimes happening dwarfism

A

That GH is norm,a but IGF-1 hormone subnormal

20
Q

What happens when there is an adenoma in the anterior pituitary in children and adults

A

Children - leads to gigantism - excess GH to epiphyseal plates deal - long bone prod

Adult - acromegaly - thickening of bones coarsened facial features and thickend fingers hands and feet

21
Q

What 3 hormones does the thyroid gland produces

A

Triiodothyronine
Tetraiodothyronine
Calcitonin

22
Q

What mech regs t3/t4

A

Negative feedback loop

23
Q

How are t3 and t4 ttansported in the blood

A

Bound to thyroxine- binding globulin plasma protein (TBG)

24
Q

What is the structure of the thyroid gland

A

Follicular cells - spheres on the outer layer

Filled with colloid - extracellular storage for th
Tyrosine containing thyroglobulin filed spheres enclosed by follicular cells

25
Q

What is required for new thyroid hormones and how are they obtained

A

Iodine and tyrosine and taken up by follicle cells

26
Q

How are new thyroid hormones prod

A

Iodine and tyrosine taken up
In colloid iodine attach to tyrosine residue to form MIT and DIT
If DIT+DIT= T4 Or. DIT+ MIT = T3

Sited in colloid until needed

27
Q

What does t3 and t4 do

A

Promote accelerate metabolism
Increase carbohydrate fat and protein turnover
Increase oxygen consumption and increased heat production

Imp during Dev if hypothyroidism in child = CRETIN

28
Q

What is sympathomimetic action

A

Increases responsiveness to catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline by increasing number of adrenal receptors

29
Q

What is hyperthyroidism

A 
Lead to heat intolerance 
Nervousness
Insomnia
 Weight loss
High nitrogen exertion
30
Q

What is hypothyroidism

A

Lead to cold intol
Excess sleep
Muscular fatigue
Weight gain

31
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate

A

Amount of energy con husked during a testing individual so energy r reunited to just be in living state (energy for brain activity, pump blood and cellular processes)

32
Q

What is the primary regulatory hormone of BMR

A

Thyroid hormone

33
Q

What is the condition hypothyroidism in adults

A

Myoxedema

34
Q

What is goitre

A

Swell of thyroid gland
Iodine deficiency - red t3/t4 promote excessive TSH secretion a nd growth of thyroid
Graves’ disease - TSI promote thyroid growth
Excess TSH form ant pit

35
Q

What is when there is no goitre

A

Hypothyroidism secondary to hypothalamus or ant pit failure (thyroid is not excessively stimulated)
Overactive thyroid TSH suppressed by excessive t3/4

36
Q

What are testosterones actions

A

In fetal Dev imp for reproductive organs

During puberty stim bone growth and SECINDARY sexual characteristic

37
Q

What does estradiol

A 
Oestrogen 
Stimulates growth of uterus 
Imp for follicular growth 
Stim bone growth 
Delay bone loss during menopause
38
Q

Where is GH prod

A

Anterior pituitary

Physiology (28 decks)

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