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Year 2 - Musculoskeletal (DP) > Clinical Anatomy > Flashcards

Clinical Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae do we have and what regions exist?

A

33:

 - 7 Cervial
 - 12 Thoracic
 - 5 Lumbar
 - 5 Sacral (fused)
 - 4 Coccygeal (fused)
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2
Q

What are the normal spinal curves?

A 
Lordosis:
     - Cervial
     - Lumbar
Kyphosis:
     - Thoracic
     - Sacral
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3
Q

What are the spinal attachments superiorly and inferiorly?

A

Superiorly - Occiput (Atlanto-Occipital joint)

Inferiorly - Sacrum (SIF)

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4
Q

What joins the spinous process of a vertebra to the two transverse processes?

A

Laminae

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5
Q

What forms the lateral borders of the vertebral foramen?

A

Pedicles

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6
Q

Compare the pedicles between the thoracic region and lumbar region

A

In the lumbar region they are:

 - Longer
 - Wider
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7
Q

What plane to the spinous processes lie in in the lumbar region?

A

Horizontal plane

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8
Q

What angle do the facet joints make to the horizontal in the thoracic region?

A

60 degree

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9
Q

What is the function of the facet joints?

A

Stabilise spinal column

Allow movement

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10
Q

Describe the articulation of a facet joint

A

The superior facet of the inferior vertebra articulates with the inferior facet of the superior vertebra

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11
Q

What types of joint are facet joints?

A

Synovial

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12
Q

Why are facet joints clinically important?

A

In OA, osteophytes can cause nerve impingement

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13
Q

What features does the atlas have?

A 
No body
Wide facets (Allow articulation with occiput)
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14
Q

How does the axis articulate with the atlas?

A

Via the dens/odontoid process

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15
Q

Why is the vertebral foramen large in the lower region of the cervical spine (C3-C7)?

A

Spinal cord is wide

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16
Q

What travels out of the transverse foraminae?

A

Vertebral arteries
Vertebral veins
Spinal nerves

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17
Q

Why are the transverse processes in the cervical spine shorter?

A

Smaller neck muscles

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18
Q

What movements are possible in the cervical spine?

A 
Atlanto-occipital joint:
     - Flexion/Extension
     - Lateral flexions
Atlanto-dens joint:
     - Rotation (dens is a pivot)
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19
Q

What is the name given to the C7 vertebra and why is it given this?

A

Vertebra promines

1st palpable spinous process

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20
Q

True or false; The C7 vertebra is the most easily palpable?

A

False

It is T1

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21
Q

What makes the thoracic spine relatively fixed?

A

Ribs

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22
Q

At what points in the spine is there the greatest risk of injury?

A

Between fixed and mobile parts:

 - C6, C7 and T1
 - T11, T12 and L1
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23
Q

What is the structure of the intervertebral discs?

A 
Peripheral annulus fibrosus:
     - In rings
     - Thinner posteriorly (can rupture)
Central nucleus pulposus:
     - Gelatinous
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24
Q

What spinal features can be attributed to the IV discs?

A

1/4 of spine length

Secondary spine curvature (in foetus, spine is completely kyphotic)

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25
Q

What happens when the discs atrophy in old age?

A

Height is reduced

Spine returns to foetal C-shape

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26
Q

What spinal ligaments run on the vertebral bodies?

A 
Anterior longitudinal ligament:
     - From sacrum to C1 (anterolateral v. body)
Posterior longitudinal ligament:
     - Runs within vertebral canal
     - On posterior vertebral bodies
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27
Q

What ligament links the vertebral laminae? What are its features?

A

Ligamentum flavum:

 - Tough
 - Elastic
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28
Q

What ligaments link the spinous processes?

A

Supraspinous ligament:
- Tough
Interspinous ligament:
- Weaker

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29
Q

What comprises the anterior spinal column?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior annulus
Anterior 2/3 vertebral body

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30
Q

What comprises the middle spinal column?

A

Posterior 1/3 vertebral body
Posterior annulus
Posterior longitudinal ligament

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31
Q

What comprises the posterior spinal column?

A 
Posterior elements:
     - Pedicles
     - Laminae
     - Facets
Posterior ligaments:
     - Spinous ligaments
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32
Q

What is the 3 Column Theory of Denis?

A 
1 column injured:
     - Stable
     - eg. OP wedge fracture
2 columns injured:
     - May be unstable
3 columns injured:
     - Unstable
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33
Q

What are the intermediate extrinsic back/spinal muscles?

A

Serratus posterior, superior and inferior

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34
Q

Where do the intermediate extrinsic back/spinal muscles originate and insert? What is their function

A

Originate - Spinous processes
Insert - Ribs
Function - Help respiration

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35
Q

What are some common pathologies of the superficial/extrinsic spinal muscles?

A

Spasm -> Tenderness
Wasting:
- Disuse
- Denervation

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36
Q

What is the function of the superficial extrinsic spinal muscles?

A

Move shoulder and upper limbs

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37
Q

Which of the following is not a superficial extrinsic spinal muscle:

 - Trapezius
 - Subscapularis
 - Latissimus dorsi
 - Rhomboid (major and minor)
 - Levatus scapularis
A

Subscapularis (Rotator cuff muscle)

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38
Q

Where does the trapezius originate and insert?

A

Origin - Spinous processes (until T12)
Insertions:
- Occiput
- Spine of scapula

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39
Q

What nerve supplies the trapezius and what are its functions?

A

Accessory nerve (CN xi)
Functions:
- Elevate/Depress scapula
- Retract scapula

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40
Q

Trapezius spasm can cause pain where?

A

Occiput

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41
Q

Where does the latissimus dorsi originate and insert?

A

Origins:
- Spinous processes
- Pelvis
Insertion - Humerus

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42
Q

What nerve supplies the latissimus dorsi and what are its functions?

A 
C6, 7 and 8 - Thoracodorsal nerve
Functions: (All of the humerus)
     - Adduction
     - Extension
     - Internal rotation
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43
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the rhomboid (major and minor)?

A

Origins:
- Major -> Spinous processes C7/T1
- Minor -> Spinous processes T2-T5
Insertion is along scapula

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44
Q

What nerve supplies the rhomboid muscles and what are their functions?

A

Innervated by dorsal scapular nerve (C4/C5)
Functions:
- Keeps scapula against thoracic wall
- Retracts scapula

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45
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the levatus scapulae?

A

Origins - Transverse processes of C1 (-C4)

Inserts along superior angle of scapula

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46
Q

What nerve supplies the levatus scapulae and what is its function?

A

Branches of C4/C5

Elevates scapula

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47
Q

How can deep spinal muscle pathologies present?

A

Pain:
- Spasm (Trauma)
- Loss of lumbar lordosis
Weakness -> Instability -> Spondylolisthesis

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48
Q

What are the functions of the intrinsic back/spinal muscles?

A

Move vertebral column

POSTURE

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49
Q

What are the main intrinsic back/spinal muscles?

A

Erector Spinae muscles (Intermediate intrinsic back muscles)

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50
Q

What are the three columns of the erector spinae?

A

Laterally - Iliocostalis
Intermediate - Longisimus thoracis
Medially - Spinalis thoracis

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51
Q

Where do the intrinsic back/spinal muscles originate and insert?

A

Origin - Pelvis
Insertions:
- Upper transverse processes
- Occiput

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52
Q

What nerves supply the intrinsic back/spinal muscles?

A

Posterior rami of spinal nerves

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53
Q

What is formed from grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

Posterior horns

Anterior horns

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54
Q

What is formed from white matter in the spine?

A

Ascending and descending tracts

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55
Q

Through what foramen does the spinal cord leave the skull?

A

Foramen magnum

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56
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate and what does it become?

A

Superior border of L2 vertebral body

Cauda equina

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57
Q

What do the spinal nerves in each region supply?

A 
Cervical:
     - Arms
Thoracic:
     - Thorax
     - Abdomen
Lumbar:
     - Lower limbs
Sacral:
     - Posterior aspect of lower limbs
     - Pelvic orgams
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58
Q

What is a myotome?

A

Muscles controlled by motor element of a spinal nerve

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59
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Skin sensation supplied by sensory element of a nerve root at a specific level

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60
Q

Where do the following descending tracts cross in the CNS and what are their paths:
- Lateral cerebrospinal tract
- Anterior cerebrospinal tract
Also give their alternate names

A

Lateral cerebrospinal tract:
- Crosses at medulla
- Descend on contralateral side
- Crossed pyramidal (alternate name)
Anterior cerebrospinal tract:
- Descends on ipsilateral side
- Crosses at same level it leaves spinal cord
- Uncrossed pyramidal (alternate name)

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61
Q

What is the function of the descending tracts?

A

Carry motor function from brain to muscle in the motor axons

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62
Q

Where do the following ascending tracts travel in the CNS:

 - Posterior + Anterior Spinocerebellar tracts
 - Lateral + Anterior Spinothalamic tracts
 - Posterior columns
A

Posterior + Anterior Spinocerebellar tracts:
- Ascend ipsilaterally
- Enter cerebellum (of ipsilateral side)
Lateral + Anterior Spinothalamic tracts:
- Enter and ascend ipsilaterally for a few levels
- Cross and continue contralaterally
- Enter thalamus
Posterior columns:
- Ascend ipsilaterally

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63
Q

What is the function of the ascending tracts?

A 
Posterior + Anterior Spinocerebellar tracts:
     - Proprioception
Lateral + Anterior Spinothalamic tracts:
     - Pain
     - Temperature
Posterior columns:
     - Fine touch
     - Proprioception
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64
Q

What are the two columns that make up the general term “Posterior columns”?

A

Fasciculus gracilis of Goll

Fasciculus cuneatus of Burdach

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65
Q

What is the difference between the tracts in the white matter and the grey matter?

A 
White matter:
     - Conveys info between different areas of grey matter
Grey matter:
     - Contains neuronal cells bodies
     - Synapsing
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66
Q

Why is white matter white?

A

Fatty myelin surrounding nerve axons

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67
Q

In the spinal cord, which is internal, white or grey matter?

A

Grey (opposite in the brain)

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68
Q

In terms of grey matter, what horns and spinal roots do the following tracts/info travel in:

 - Descending motor tracts
 - Ascending sensory tracts
A

Descending motor tracts:
- Anterior horn of grey matter
- Ventral/Anterior root -> Nerve root
Ascending sensory tracts:
- Nerve root -> Dorsal/Posterior root
- Posterior horn of grey matter

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69
Q

What forms a nerve root?

A

Ventral root (motor) + Dorsal root (sensory)

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70
Q

What do nerve roots divide into and what fibres are contained in each?

A

Anterior and posterior rami

Both contain motor and sensory components

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71
Q

What do each of the rami supply?

A 
Posterior rami:
     - Intrinsic back muscles
     - Central strip of back skin
Anterior rami:
     - Supplies rest of the body
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72
Q

What pathologies are nerve roots at risk from?

A

Disc prolapse
Facet joint osteophytes -> Intervertebral foramina obstruction
Foraminal stenosis

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73
Q

What nerves make up the cauda equina?

A

Spinal nerves:
- L1 to L5
- S1 to S5
Coccygeal nerve

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74
Q

What are the motor functions of nerves in the cauda equina?

A 
Hips
Knees
Ankles
Feet
Internal anal sphincter
External anal sphincter
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75
Q

What are the sensory functions of nerves in the cauda equina?

A 
Hips
Knees
Ankles
Feet
Perineum
Partial PSN innervation of the bladder
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76
Q

What is the arterial supply to the spinal cord?

A

Anterior and posterior spinal arteries:

 - Descend from pia
 - From intracranl part of vertebral artery
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77
Q

How are the spinal arteries reinforced (with extra blood)?

A

Branches of:

 - Ascending cervical arteries
 - Intercostal arteries
 - Lumbar arteries
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78
Q

What comprises the cerebrospinal venous system?

A

Venous systems of the brain and spine (interconnected)

79
Q

What is Batson’s Venous Plexus?

A

Network of valveless veins
Connect the deep pelvic and thoracic veins
Drain:
- Bladder
- Breast
- Prostate - . To vertebral venous plexuses

80
Q

What can Batson’s Venous Plexus be responsible for?

A

Haematological spread of some carcinomas (eg. Prostate)

81
Q

How could the majority of the blood supply to the femoral head be described? What arteries supply this blood?

A

Retrograde:

 - Medial femoral circumflex artery
 - Lateral femoral circumflex artery
82
Q

What blood supply to the femoral head is anterograde?

A

Branch of the obturator artery

83
Q

What other bones have a retrograde blood supply?

A

Talus

Scaphoid

84
Q

What are the correct names for the following parts of long bones?

  1. Shaft
  2. Flares at end
  3. End
  4. Growth plate
A
  1. Diaphysis
  2. Metaphysis
  3. Epiphysis
  4. Physis
85
Q

What muscles are hip flexors? What is their structure (and nerve supply)?

A

Iliacus:
- Origin -> Iliac crest/fossa
- Insertion -> Lesser femoral trochanter
- (Nerve -> Anterior rami of lumbar spinal nn.)
Psoas major:
- Origin -> L1 to L5 transverse processes
- Insertion -> Lesser trochanter
- (Nerve -> Anterior rami of lumbar spinal nn.)

86
Q

What is the function of the acetabular labrum?

A

Increases acetabular depth -> Increases stability

87
Q

True or false; If the pelvis is fractured in one place it must be fractured in another?

A

True

88
Q

A pelvic angle that is acute must mean it is a female pelvis. True or false?

A

False

Female pelvic angles are approximately 90 degrees

89
Q

What bones make the hindfoot?

A

Talus

Calcaneus

90
Q

What bones form the midfoot?

A

Navicular
Medial, Intermediate and Lateral Cuneiforms
Cuboid

91
Q

What bones form the forefoot?

A

Metatarsals

Phalanges

92
Q

What muscles are secondary hip flexors? What is their structure (and nerve supply)?

A 
Rectus femoris:
     - Origin -> ASIS
     - Insertion -> Tibia via patellar tendon
Sartorius:
     - Origin -> ASIS
     - Insertion -> Medial tibia
(Both supplied by femoral nerve)
93
Q

What muscles are hip adductors? What is their structure (and nerve supply)?

A 
Adductor brevis, longus and magnus:
     - Origin -> Inferior pubic rami
     - Insertion -> Linea aspera
     - Nerve -> Obturator nerve
Gracilis:
     - Origin -> Inferior pubic rami
     - Insertion -> Medial tibial tubercle
     - Nerve -> Obturator nerve
Pectineus:
     - Origin -> Superior pubic rami
     - Insertion -> Pectineal line
     - Nerve -> Femoral nerve
94
Q

What muscles are hip abductors? What is their structure (and nerve supply)?

A 
Gluteus medius and minimus:
     - Origin -> Iliac wing (External)
     - Insertion - Greater femoral trochanter
     - Nerve -> Superior gluteal nerve
Tensor fascia lata:
     - Origin -> Iliac crest
     - Insetion -> Lateral tibia (via iliotibial tract)
     - Nerve -> Superior gluteal nerve
95
Q

What are the hip abductor muscles key in?

A

Posture

96
Q

What clinical sign is seen in superior gluteal nerve injury?

A

Trendellenburg sign

97
Q

What muscles laterally rotate the thigh?

A

Piriformis
Obturator internus
Gemellis
Quadratus femoris

98
Q

What muscle is the most important hip extensor? What is its structure (and nerve supply)?

A

Gluteus maximus:

 - Origins -> Posterior ilium and sacrum
 - Insertion -> Iliotibial tract
 - Nerve -> Inferior gluteal nerve
99
Q

What muscles are hip extensors and knee flexors? What is their structure (and nerve supply)?

A

Biceps femoris:
- Origin -> Ischial tuberosity (long head)
- Insertion -> Lateral fibular head
Semimembranosus and semitendinosus:
- Origin -> Ischial tuberosity
- Insertions -> Tibia (posterior and medial respectively)
Nerve supply:
- Tibial nerve
- Short head of biceps -> Common fibular nerve

100
Q

How does trochanteric bursitis present?

A

Middle-aged to older people
Lateral hip pain
Swelling and tenderness

101
Q

Where are the attachments of the MCL?

A

Proximal tibia

Medial femoral epicondyle

102
Q

Where are the attachments of the LCL?

A

Head of fibula

Lateral femoral epicondyle

103
Q

What is the function of the collateral ligaments?

A

Resist varus and valgus at knee

104
Q

Where are the cruciate ligaments situated?

A

Intercondylar femoral notch

105
Q

What is the role of the ACL?

A

Resists anterior translation of tibia on femur
Resists internal tibial rotation
Resists hyperextension

106
Q

What is the role of the PCL?

A

Resists posterior translation of tibia on femur

Resists hyperflexion

107
Q

What happens if the PCL is ruptured?

A

Femur dislocates anteriorly

108
Q

Where are the menisci thicker and why?

A

Peripherally

Join joint capsule

109
Q

Which menisci is more vulnerable to tearing and why?

A

Medial

Attaches to MCL

110
Q

What are the functions of the menisci?

A

Load transfer
Increase femerotibial conformity
Stabilise the knee
Lubrication

111
Q

What forms the extensor mechanism (Superior to inferior)?

A
  1. Quadriceps
  2. Quadriceps tendon
  3. Patella
  4. Patellar tendon
  5. Tibial tubercle
112
Q

What is the function of the patella in the extensor mechanism?

A

Multiplies the effects of the quadricep muscles

113
Q

What factors predispose to patellar instability?

A

Valgus
Femoral head anteversion
Weak quads -> Vastus medialis
Ligamentous laxity

114
Q

What is the Q-Angle?

A

The angle between the following two lines:

 - One superiorly through mid-patella
 - One connects ASIS and mid-patella
115
Q

What does the Q-angle tell us?

A

If small -> Male

If large -> Female

116
Q

What muscles are knee extensors? What is their structure (and nerve supply)?

A

The Quadriceps…
Rectus femoris:
- Origin -> ASIS
Vastus intermedius:
- Origin - Anterolateral proximal femur
Vastus medialis:
- Origin -> Medial linea aspera
Vastus lateralis:
- Origin -> Lateral linea aspera and greater trochanter
All insert at the tibia via the patellar tendon
All supplied by the femoral nerve

117
Q

What muscles are ankle plantarflexors? What is their structure (and nerve supply)?

A

Gastrocnemius (medial and lateral heads):
- Origins -> Respective femoral condyles
Soleus:
- Origin -> Posterior tibia and fibula
Plantaris:
- Origin -> Lateral femoral condyle
All insert onto calcaneus via the achilles tendon
All innervated by the tibial nerve

118
Q

What are the functions of the tibialis posterior?

A

Ankle plantarflexion
Inversion of the foot
(Tibial nerve)

119
Q

What is the major ankle dorsiflexor? What is its structure (and nerve supply)?

A

Tibialis anterior:

 - Origin -> Lateral, proximal tibia
 - Insertions - Medial cuneiform and base of 1st MT
 - Nerve -> Deep fibular nerve
120
Q

What is the function of the extensor hallucis longus?

A

Extends the great toe
(Ankle dorsiflexion)
(Deep fibular nerve)

121
Q

What is the function of the extensor digitorum longus?

A

Extends all 4 digits
(Ankle dorsiflexion)
(Deep fibular nerve)

122
Q

What is the function of fibularis tertius?

A

Dorsiflexion of the anke
Everts foot
(Deep fibular nerve)

123
Q

What is the function of the lateral leg muscles? What is their nerve supply?

A

Foot eversion
Superficial fibular nerve
(Fibularis longus and brevis)

124
Q

What is the medial ankle ligament?

A

Deltoid ligament

125
Q

What is the lateral ankle ligament?

A

Lateral ligament complex

126
Q

What comprises the medial longitudinal foot arch?

A 
Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular
Cuneiforms
1st-3rd metatarsals
127
Q

What supports the medial longitudinal foot arch?

A

Tibialis posterior tendon
Fibularis longus attachment
Spring/Calcaneonavicular ligament

128
Q

What structures form the lateral longitudinal foot arch?

A

Calcaneus
Cuboid
4th and 5th metatarsals

129
Q

What is the function of the lateral longitudinal foot arch?

A

Bears weight on stanging

130
Q

What forms the transverse foot arch?

A

Cuboid
Cuneiforms
All 5 metatarsals

131
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the plantar fascia?

A

Origin - Calcaneal tuberosity

Insertion - Head of metatarsals

132
Q

What are the functions of the plantar fascia?

A

Supports foot arches

Prevents puncture wounds

133
Q

How many layers of intrinsic foot muscles are there?

A

3

134
Q

What is the role of intrinsic foot muscles?

A

Toe flexion

135
Q

What nerves supply the intrinsic foot muscles?

A

Medial and lateral plantar nerves:

- From tibial nerve

136
Q

What is the function of the interossei muscles and what is ther nerve supply?

A

Abduct/Adduct toes

Lateral plantar nerve

137
Q

What is the nerve supply to the majority of the dorsum of the foot?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

138
Q

What other nerves supply the dorsal surface of the foot and what parts?

A

Deep fibular nerve - 1st interdigital cleft
Sural nerve - Proximal lateral border
Saphenous nerve - Proximal medial border

139
Q

What nerves supply the sole of the foot?

A 
Tibial nerve:
     - Heel
     - Most of sole
Sural nerve:
     - Proximal lateral border
Saphenous nerve:
     - Proximal medial border
140
Q

What is the arterial supply to the foot?

A

Dorsum:
- (Anterior tibial) -> Dorsalis pedis -> Arcuate
Plantar:
- (Posterior tibial) -> Plantar aa. -> Deep plantar arch

141
Q

Where do the metatarsal arteries branch off of?

A

Arcuate artery

Deep plantar arch

142
Q

How many digital arteries are supplied to each toe?

A

4

143
Q

What does the dorsal venous arch give rise to?

A

Saphenous veins:

 - Great (Medial)
 - Small (Lateral)
144
Q

What is the course of the deep foot/leg veins?

A

Deep veins -> Ant./Post. tibial veins and fibular vein -> Popliteal vein

145
Q

What muscles move the shoulder girdle?

A

Trapezius (CN xi)
Levator scapulae (Dorsal scapular and cervical nn.)
Rhomboid (major and minor)

146
Q

What is the gleno-humeral joint susceptible to?

A

OA/RA
Dislocation
Adhesive capsulitis

147
Q

What helps increase the stability of the gleno-humeral joint?

A

Glenoid labrum

148
Q

What are the four rotator cuff muscles?

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

149
Q

What is the origination, insertion, innervation and function of the supraspinatus?

A

Origin - Supraspinatus fossa
Insertion - Greater humeral tuberosity
Innervation - Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)
Function - First 15 degrees of shoulder abduction

150
Q

What is the origination, insertion, innervation and function of the infraspinatus?

A

Origin - Infraspinatus fossa
Insertion -Greater humeral tuberosity
Innervation - Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)
Function - External rotation of the arm

151
Q

What is the origination, insertion, innervation and function of the Teres minor?

A

Origin - Dorsal, lateral scapula
Insertion - Greater humeral tuberosity
Innervation - Axillary nerve (C5, C6)
Function - External rotation

152
Q

What is the origination, insertion, innervation and function of the subscapularis?

A

Origin - Subscapular fossa
Insertion - Lesser humeral tuberosity and shoulder capsule
Innervation - Upper + Lower Subscapular nerves (C5, C6)
Function - Internal rotation

153
Q

What is the function of the teres major?

A

Adducts arm

Medially rotates arm

154
Q

What is the origination, insertion, innervation and function of the deltoid?

A

Origin - Clavicle/Acromion/Spine of scapula
Insertion - Deltoid tuberosity on lateral humerus
Innervation - Axillary nerve
Functions:
- Extension at shoulder (posterior part)
- Abduction at shoulder (middle part)
- Flexion at shoulder (anterior part)

155
Q

What is the origination, insertion, innervation and function of the biceps brachii?

A

Origins:
- Coracoid process (short head)
- Labrum/Superior glenoid (long head)
Insertions:
- Radial tuberosity (via biceps tendon)
- Bicipital aponeurosis
Innervation - Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6)
Functions:
- Elbow flexion
- Supinates forearm

156
Q

What is the origination, insertion, innervation and function of the coracobrachialis?

A

Origin - Coracoid
Insertion - Medial humerus
Innervation - Musculocutaneous nerve
Functions - Flexes and adducts arm

157
Q

What is the origination, insertion, innervation and function of the brachialis?

A

Origin - Humerus
Insertion - Coronoid process of ulna
Innervation - Musculocutaneous nerve
Function - Elbow flexion

158
Q

What is the origination, insertion, innervation and function of the triceps brachii?

A

Origins:
- Infraglenoid tubercle (long head)
- Superior to radial humeral groove (lateral head)
- Inferior to radial humeral groove (medial head)
Insertion - Olecranon of ulna via triceps tendon
Innervation - Radial nerve
Functions:
- Extends arm
- Extends forearm

159
Q

What separates the triceps brachii from the coracobrachialis and the brachialis?

A

Medial and lateral IM septae respectively

160
Q

In what individuals is a supracondylar fracture common?

A

Kids

161
Q

What are the three elbow ligaments?

A 
Medial (ulnar) collateral:
     - Anterior and posterior bundles
Lateral (radial) collateral
Annular ligament:
     - Circles head of radius
162
Q

What is a Colles’ fracture and how does it present?

A

Distal radius fracture

‘Dinner fork’ wrist deformity

163
Q

What do the thenar muscles do? What nerve supplies them?

A

Move the thumb

Median nerve

164
Q

What are the thenar muscles?

A

Opponens pollicis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis brevis

165
Q

Where is the adductor pollicis and what nerve supplies it?

A

Distal to thenar muscles

Deep branch of ulnar nerve

166
Q

What do the hypothenar muscles do?

A

Move little finger

167
Q

What is the main hypothenar muscle?

A

Abductor digit mini

168
Q

What nerve supplies the hypothenar muscles?

A

Deep branch of ulnar nerve

169
Q

What is the general function of the interossei muscles?

A

Flex fingers at MCPJs

Extend fingers at IPJs

170
Q

What is the innervation of the interossei muscles in the hand?

A

Ulnar nerve

171
Q

What do the dorsal interossei muscles do? How many are there?

A

Abduct fingers at MCPJs (DAB)

4

172
Q

What do the palmar interossei muscles do? How many are there?

A

Adduct fingers at MCPJs (PAD)

3

173
Q

What do the lumbrical muscles do?

A

Link extensor and flexor tendons

174
Q

What is the innervation to the lumbrical muscles?

A

Lateral 2: (Unipennate structure)
- Median nerve
Medial 2: (Bipennate structure)
- Ulnar nerve

175
Q

What are the extrinsic flexor tendons?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Flexor digitorum profundus

176
Q

What muscle flexes all fingers at the PIPJs and what nerve supplies it?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Median nerve

177
Q

What muscle flexes all fingers at the DIPJs and what nerve supplies it?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus
Nerve supply:
- 4th and 5th digits -> Median nerve
- 2nd and 3rd digits -> Ulnar nerve

178
Q

What are the flexor pulleys?

A

Annular ligaments

Cruciate pulleys

179
Q

What are the functions of the annular ligaments?

A

A2 + A4:
- Prevent bowstringing -> Most important
A1, A3 + A5:
- Overlie MCP, PIP and DIP respectively

180
Q

What are the functions of the cruciate pulleys?

A

Prevent sheath collapse

Prevent sheath expansion during movement

181
Q

What is the arterial supply to each digit?

A

Two arteries:

 - Ulnar digital artery (medial aspect)
 - Radial digital artery (lateral aspect)
182
Q

What are the muscular functions of the median nerve?

A

Forearm flexors

LOAF muscles

183
Q

How do we test the muscular function of the median nerve?

A

Abductor pollicis brevis

184
Q

What is the cutaneous supply to the hand of the median nerve?

A

Thumb and radial 2.5 fingers

185
Q

How do we test the cutaneous function of the median nerve?

A

Light touch:

 - Tip of index finger
 - Thenar base
186
Q

What are the muscular functions of the ulnar nerve?

A

Intrinsic hand muscles

187
Q

How do we test the muscular function of the ulnar nerve?

A

Adductor digit mini

Abductor indicis

188
Q

What is the cutaneous supply to the hand of the ulnar nerve?

A

Ulnar 1.5 digits

189
Q

How do we test the cutaneous function of the ulnar nerve?

A

Light touch:

 - Dorsum
 - Palmar little finger
190
Q

What are the muscular functions of the radial nerve?

A

Forearm extensors

191
Q

How do we test the muscular function of the radial nerve?

A

Extensor digitorum communis

Extensor indocis

192
Q

What is the cutaneous supply to the hand of the radial nerve?

A

Dorsum of hand

193
Q

How do we test the cutaneous function of the radial nerve?

A

Dorsum of 1st webspace

Year 2 - Musculoskeletal (DP) (16 decks)

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