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Year 2 - Musculoskeletal (DP) > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main features of skeletal muscle?

A

Striated
Unbranched
Multinucleate

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2
Q

What is a syncytium? Give an example?

A

A multinucleate cell that forms from fusion of many uninucleate cells
Skeletal muscle cell

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3
Q

How long and wide are skeletal muscle cells/fibres?

A

10-100 micrometre diameter

1,000-200,000 micrometre long

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4
Q

Where are the nuclei located in skeletal muscle cells?

A

At the peripheries

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5
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

Muscle cell membrane

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6
Q

What are muscle fibres grouped into?

A

Fascicles

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7
Q

What is the name for the connective tissue surrounding the following:

  1. Single muscle fibre
  2. Single fascicle
  3. Whole muscle
A
  1. Endomysium
  2. Perimysium
  3. Epimysium
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8
Q

What is a myofibril?

A

Sarcomeres end to end

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9
Q

How can you tell that the myofibrils are held in registry with one another?

A

Z-discs all aligned

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10
Q

What does a motor unit consist of?

A

One motor neurone

All muscle fibres it innervates

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11
Q

True or false; More muscles fibres in a motor unit = More precise movement control?

A

False

The fewer muscle fibres a motor neurone supplies in a unit, the more precise a movement will be

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12
Q

True or false; The muscle fibres supplied by a motor neurone are scattered throughout the muscle?

A

True (They are all the same fibre type but do not have to be bundled together)

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13
Q

How do the three types of skeletal muscle fibres appear on succinate dehydrogenase stain?

A

Type i - Blue
Type iia - Pale blue
Type iib - White

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14
Q

Rank the types of skeletal muscle fibres in terms of contractile speed

A

Type iib
Type iia
Type i

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15
Q

Rank the types of skeletal muscle fibres in terms of resistance to fatigue and explain why

A

Type i
Type iia
Type iib

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16
Q

What type of muscle fibre is dependent on oxidative metabolism?

A

Type i

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17
Q

What type of muscle fibre is dependent on anaerobic metabolism?

A

Type iib

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18
Q

What type of muscle fibre is most uncommon?

A

Type iia

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19
Q

What type of muscle fibres are the following terms describing;

  1. Red
  2. White
  3. Produce least force
  4. Produce most force
  5. Intermediate
A
  1. Type i
  2. Type iib
  3. Type i
  4. Type iib
  5. Type iia
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20
Q

What is this describing?

A semi-rigid substance that is very permeable. It is avascular and its cells are nourished vis diffusion through the ECM

A

Cartilage

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21
Q

What is this describing?

A rigid substance that is non-permeable. It receives nourishment from blood vessels

A

Bone

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22
Q

Where are chondrocytes found? Specifically?

A

Cartilage

In ECM - LAcuna

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23
Q

What is the name for immature chondrocytes?

A

Chondroblasts

24
Q

What is the function of chondrocytes?

A

Secrete and maintain ECM

25
Q

What is the most abundant component of hyaline cartilage?

A

ECM

26
Q

What is the most abundant component of the ECM in cartilage? What % does it make up?

A

Water

75%

27
Q

What makes up the rest of the ECM in cartilage? What % does it make up?

A 
25% total
60% of which is Type ii Collagen:
     - Forms 3D mesh
40% of which is proteoglycan aggregates:
     - Made of GAGs
     - Bound to core protein
     - Often linked to hyaluronon
28
Q

How does Type ii Collagen differ from Type i?

A

Finer (15-45nm vs 75nm)

Type i found in connective tissue

29
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

30
Q

How do each type of cartilage appear?

A

Hyaline - Blue/White + Translucent
Elastic - Yellow
Fibrocartilage - White

31
Q

What is the most common form of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

32
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

Tendon-Hyaline hybrid
Bands of dense type i Collagen:
- Interweaved with chondocytes
- Surrounded by little ECM

33
Q

Which of the following is not a place where hyaline cartilage is found:

 - Articular surfaces
 - Tracheal rings
 - Costal cartilage
 - Pinnae
 - Epiphyseal growth plate
A

Pinnae (Outer ear - Elastic cartilage)

34
Q

Where does haemopoiesis occur in utero?

A

Liver and spleen

Begins in bone marrow

35
Q

What are the components of bone?

A

Mineral - Calcium hydroxyapatite (65%)
Collagen - Type i (23%)
Water (10%)
Non-collagen proteins (2%)

36
Q

What type of bone makes up the outer shell and the diaphysis?

A

Cortical

37
Q

What type of bone is present at the epiphyses?

A

Cancellous/Trabecular

38
Q

What is the difference between the two bone types?

A

Cortical is dense; Cancellous is a fine mess

- Marrow cavities are next to cancellous bone

39
Q

What do Haversian canals convey?

A

Blood vessels and nerves

40
Q

What structures link Haversian canals to each other and the periosteum?

A

Volkmann’s canals

41
Q

What is the functional unit of bone called? What is it surrounded by?

A

Osteon

Cement line

42
Q

What bone cells are located on the surface and are pools of reserve osteoblasts?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

43
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

Form bone

44
Q

Where are osteoblasts located and what cellular features do they possess?

A

On surface of developing bone
Features:
- Plentiful RER
- Prominent mitochondria

45
Q

Where are osteocytes found?

A

Trapped in bone matrix

46
Q

What do osteoclasts look like?

A

Large (40 micrometres)

Multinucleated

47
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts and where are they found?

A

Bone reabsorption

On bone surface

48
Q

What makes up the Basic Multicellular Unit?

A

Osteoclasts + Osteoblasts

49
Q

How does bone remodelling occur?

A
  1. Osteoclasts congregate
  2. Osteoclasts ‘drill’ into bone
  3. Blood vessels grow into tunnel - Bring osteoblasts
  4. Osteoblasts line tunnel -> Lay down new bone
  5. Continues until tunnel is filled in right up to vessels -> Haversian canal
50
Q

Where do osteoclasts derive from?

A

Macrophage lineage

Several fuse into giant cell

51
Q

What is the chemical formula of calcium hydroxyapatite?

A

Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

52
Q

What do osteoblasts secrete and what is it made up of?

A

Osteoid:

 - Collagen
 - Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
 - Proteoglycans
 - Other
53
Q

How is the bone ECM formed?

A

Osteoid mineralises over time

54
Q

What effect can younger osteons have on older osteons?

A

Can partially obliterate them

55
Q

What is woven bone?

A

New bone laid done haphazardly:

 - During development
 - After fracture
56
Q

What is woven bone remodelled into and how?

A

Lamellar bone:

 - Osteoclasts break it down
 - Osteoblasts reform it
57
Q

What direction do the fibres in lamellar bone travel in?

A

All the same direction

Year 2 - Musculoskeletal (DP) (16 decks)

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