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Geography > Changing Populations > Flashcards

Changing Populations Flashcards

1
Q

Which continent has the highest population density?

A

Asia

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2
Q

What is population distribution?

A

describes how people are spread out

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3
Q

What are some physical factors that affect population density and distribution?

A

Relief

climate

vegetation

soils

natural resources (eg coal)

water supply

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4
Q

What are some human factors that affect population density and distribution?

A

urban growth

industrial growth

agricultural development

accessibility

government policies

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5
Q

Why is the world’s population not evenly spread out around the globe?

A

Because of different human and physical factors

eg- land. If the land is flat, it is easy to build on so will be more populated, for example in Bangladesh

Also, fertile soil attracts more people as people can grow crops to earn a living. For example in Holland

Places with lots of raw materials like coal are likely to be more densely populated

also, better climates (not too hot or cold) will be more populated too

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6
Q

Why does a large percentage of the population live in urban areas?

A

there tend to be better job opportunities, which encourage people to move there, particularly in high income cities such as New York.

Climate in urban areas tends to be ideal for growing crops, which encourages people to move there as they can earn a living by farming

There are also better communications, such as train systems and road networks, which makes it easier for people to move around

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7
Q

Case study- Population distribution

A

BRAZIL

  • has a population of 186 million
  • north is sparsely populated- rainforest
  • North east contains a third of the population
  • south east has highest population density- industrial cities eg Sao Paulo
  • South has high population density- fertile soils
  • west has a low population density
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8
Q

What is population density?

A

The number of people living in a square kilometre

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9
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

The process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in urban areas

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10
Q

CASE STUDY- Rural-urban migration in an LEDC

A

South Africa

many people migrate from less populated provinces in South Africa (eg Limpopo) to more urban provinces (eg Western Cape- Cape Town)

Push factors- Few rural houses have connection to electricity, lack of money- most people do not even own an electric cooker. Poor job opportunities-rely on tourism and farming for an income, Development of farm mechanisation caused heigh levels of unemployment. Relatively low quality of life (60% IN LIMPOPO LIVE BELOW THE POVERTY LINE), most households in Limpopo earn less the 1,000 rand a month

Pull factors- Jobs and better opportunities, better healthcare, schools, AVERAGE HOUSE HOLD INCOME IN SOUTH EARNS ABOUT 7,000 RAND a month

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11
Q

What is circular migration?

A

When migrants move from one area to another, then move back to where they came from

normally takes place in rural to urban migration

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12
Q

What are some advantages of circular migration?

A

Reduces the demand on village food supplies

Migrants send money back home- can be used to improve farms

Migrants learn new traditions and return with a better knowledge

Reduces the effect of Drain Brain

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13
Q

What are some disadvantages of circular migration?

A

Losing work force- brain drain

Lack of workers so females have to take upon jobs

Increases the spread of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases

Causes a loss of culture and traditions

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14
Q

What is counter urbanisation?

A

Describes the movement of people from urban to rural areas

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15
Q

CASE STUDY- counter urbanisation

A

St Ives, Cambridgeshire,UK

25% of the population in St Ives commute to London everyday

Push factors- Urban areas seen as a place of noise, crime and pollution, Urban areas are expensive to live in, lack of open space

Pull factors- Rural areas seen as quiet, peaceful with a sense of community, Thought to have better schools and to be a safer place for children

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16
Q

Describe the growth in global population

A

increased slowly until the 1800s.

Since then, world population has increased rapidly

In 2000, the worlds population was estimated to be around 6 million- double that of 1960

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17
Q

Birth rate

A

The number of live births per 1000 people per year

18
Q

Death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1000 people per year

19
Q

Natural increase

A

The difference between the birth and death rate

20
Q

Describe why birth rate is higher in most LEDCs

A
  • religions against contraception
  • Children provide labour
  • Lack of knowledge of contraception
  • Women lack education and are expected to raise a family
  • High infant mortality rate encourages larger families
21
Q

Describe why birth rate is lower in MEDCs

A
  • Women go into professional careers, marry later and delay starting a family
  • High cost of living means it’s expensive to raise children
  • Contraception and birth control are easily available
22
Q

Describe why death rates are low in MEDCs and are falling in LEDCs

A
  • Better healthcare/sanitation
  • Developing cures for diseases- eg malaria
  • Education on health/hygiene
  • Higher income= more food
23
Q

Describe why death rates are increasing in some MEDCs and LEDCs

A
  • HIV is having an increasingly significant impact on death rates in LEDCs
  • in MEDCs, there is an increasing number of elderly people
24
Q

Describe the stages in the demographic transition model (DMT)

A

1) Population fluctuates but stays relatively stable (no set country)
2) Very rapid population increase (South Africa)
3) Population increases but less rapidly (India)
4) Very slow increase (UK)
5) Population slowly decreases (Germany)

25
Q

What are some limitations of the demographic transition model? (DMT)

A

It is a generalisation

Not all countries follow the same pathway

Countries that do follow the DMT do so at different speeds

26
Q

The stages of the DMT produce different sized….

A

population pyramids

27
Q

What are the 3 age groups that a population pyramid is dived into?

A
  • Young dependents 0-14
  • Working population 15-64
  • Old dependents 65+
28
Q

CASE STUDY- population structure, Sub Saharan Africa

A

Malawi

  • wide base- many young dependents and a heigh birth rate
  • narrow top- few elderly dependents
  • malaria is an issue (malaria kills 1.2 million people a year) (60% of children under 3 catch malaria in Malawi)
  • AIDS is another problem (Occupies over half of hospital beds) (Affects 1 in 4 children) (Causes a decline in agricultural workforce- famine)

benefits of structure- large work force for future

Drawbacks of structure- Pressure on education, lack of housing (big families), strain on food supply

29
Q

CASE STUDY- Population structure in South Asia

A

INDIA

  • A decreasing, though still high birth rate (due to anti natal policy)
  • Lower life expectancy

ANTI NATAL POLICY

  • encourages smaller families through social change
  • Improved education standers and gender equality
  • Educating people about the benefits of having smaller families
  • New schools, roads and drinking water for areas that reached their targets
30
Q

CASE STUDY- Population structure, Western Europe

A

France

  • Low birth rate and few young dependents
  • Low death rate and long life expectancy
  • Large working population

Benefits of structure- Adds experience to workforce

Drawbacks of structure- Pressure on healthcare, strain on pension fund, pressure on care homes

Pro natal policy- France has an ageing population and is trying to tackle it with a pro natal policy to provide o more favourable age structure and dependency ratio

  • 3 years paid parental leave for father or mother
  • Day car for babies under 3 is paid for by the government
  • The more children a woman has, the earlier she can retire on a full pension
  • It has had some success but has not been entirely successful
31
Q

What is an ageing population?

A

A decrease in the number of economically active people in the population- There are more elderly dependents (people aged 65 and over)

32
Q

CASE STUDY- ageing population

A

UK

By 2050, the number of over 60s will have passed the number of under 25s for the first time

Positive- A longer, more active retirement, Some older people will have disposable income because they have paid of their mortgages ect, this boots the economy, Som physically fit older people volunteer and give back to society

Negatives- Have to pay out pensions for longer, Strain on health care and care homes, Strain on our shrinking workforce of adults and a shortage of skills, Grown up children end up caring for their parents

Solutions- More nursing homes and care workers, Educated and skilled migrants should be encouraged into the country to fill labour shortages, Country could adopt a pro natal policy

33
Q

Migration

A

The movement of people from one region or country to another

34
Q

Emigration

A

People (emigrants) leaving a region or a country

35
Q

Immigration

A

People (immigrants) entering a region or a country

36
Q

CASE STUDY- large scale migration

A

Polish migration to the UK

Poland is situated in eastern Europe. Circular migration is the main type of migration that occurs with Polish migrants

Push factors- Employment in Poland in at 40%. Housing shortages

Pull factors- Unemployment in Uk at only 5%. High demand for skilled labour. Higher earnings.

Impacts (UK)- £2.5 billion contributed to economy, new migrants are typically hardworking, means UK is less likely to have an ageing population. Demand for housing leads to higher rent, increased pressure on education, disagreements between different cultures

Impacts (Poland)- Wages being sent back to Poland, extra money has improved health services and education,returning migrants bring back new skills, brain drain of skilled workers, gender imbalance-less men so fertility rate is dropping, reduced size in countries work force

37
Q

Explain why is Europe there is predicted to be a large population decrease

A

as low birth rate and high death rate

low birth rate- educated female population, contraception, expensive to raise children

higher death rate- ageing population

38
Q

Explain why it is predicted what there will be a slight increase in population in China

A

small increase due to lower birth rate and death rate

  • due to one child policy
39
Q

Explain why it is predicted what there will be a large increase in population in the USA and India

A

highbirth rate

low death rate

40
Q

Explain the attractions of living in rural areas in the UK

A

small village- low density of housing

open space

attractive buildings

countryside

low levels of pollution

low levels of stress, quiet, community spirit

41
Q

Explain why Western European countries face an increasingly ageing population

A

Birth rates are decreasing due to:

  • greater number of women having careers and putting off having families until later
  • Desire for couples to have children decreases as cost of having children increases

also

  • People are living longer due to improvements of healthcare, nutrition and living conditions
  • In UK for example, over 20% of population is over 60- this is forecasted to rise to almost 30% by 2050

Geography (9 decks)

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