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Geography > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

LEDCs

A

Countries with a low standard of living and a small GNI

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2
Q

Development

A

The process of change which improves the wellbeing of society, in terms of material wealth and quality of life

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3
Q

Economic development

A

increase in employment, income and usually industrial growth

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4
Q

Social development

A

cleaner water, better standards of living, better access to education, better health, housing and leisure

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5
Q

Environmental development

A

improving and restoring natural environments

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6
Q

GNI (Gross National Income)

A

the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year plus income from people living abroad

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7
Q

GNI per capita

A

(Gross National Income)

a countries GNI is divided by its population

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8
Q

GDI (Gross Domestic Income)

A

the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year

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9
Q

Unemployment

A

measured by the number of people who can not find work

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10
Q

What are some economic development indicators?

A

GNI (Gross National Income)

GNI per capita

GDI (Gross Domestic Income)

Unemployment

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11
Q

Life expectancy

A

the average age to which a person lives

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12
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

the number of babies per 1000 live births who die under the age of one year

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13
Q

People per Doctor

A

the number of doctors per 10,000 people

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14
Q

Risk of disease

A

the percentage of people with dangerous diseases such as AIDS, malaria or TB

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15
Q

Access to education

A

How many people attend schools and universities

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16
Q

Literacy rate

A

The percentage of adults who can read and write

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17
Q

HDI (Human Development Index)

A

uses life expectancy, literacy, years in education and income per person to measure development on a scale of 1-10

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18
Q

What are some human development indicators?

A

Life expectancy

infant mortality rate

people per doctor

risk of disease

access to education

literacy rate

HDI (Human Development Index)

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19
Q

NICs (Newly Industrialised Countries)

A

Countries that have relatively recently seen massive growth in their manufacturing industries

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20
Q

RICs (Recently Industrialised Countries)

A

A term used for the very recent growth of India and China

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21
Q

What is the Brandt line?

A

in 1980, the Brandt report divided the world into the rich north and the poor south

However, the picture has changed considerably since many countries such as India ad China are developing quickly

22
Q

Case Study- Regional Patterns in Development

A

Ghana - western Sub-Saharan Africa- The country suffers a sharp north-south divide. 1 in 5 migrate to south for better QoL

The North (the peripheral region)

  • low rain fall- crops fail- less money + food to eat
  • Land locked so less trade + so less exports to make money
  • 70% live on less than $1 a day- less spenders = weaker economy

The south (the core region)

  • Capital Accra is wealthier so more developed healthcare, infrastructure ect
  • Long wet season allows farmers to grow cash crops (eg cocoa)
  • coast attracts tourists- so more developed jobs in tertiary sector
  • 28% live on less that $1 a day- more spending power = economy develops
23
Q

What are the Millennium Development Goals?

A

in 2000 the United Nations set 8 targets which aimed to promote human development

24
Q

What is the Millennium Development goal 1?

A

to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

25
Q

What is the Millennium Development goal 2?

A

achieve universal primary education

26
Q

What is the Millennium Development goal 3?

A

To promote gender equality and empower women

27
Q

What is the Millennium Development goal 4?

A

Reduce child mortality

28
Q

What is the Millennium Development goal 5?

A

improve maternal health

29
Q

What is the Millennium Development goal 6?

A

combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

30
Q

What is the Millennium Development goal 7?

A

Ensure environmental sustainability

31
Q

What is the Millennium Development goal 8?

A

Develop a global partnership for development

32
Q

Describe the progress of the Millennium Development goal 6

A

Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases

  • important goal in Sub-Saharan Africa
  • 2007- 1.5 million Sub-Saharan African died of AIDS
  • Medicine has been distributed to 12m to treat HIV
  • Many countries achieved goal due to education programs
  • eg UGANDA- HIV cases fell when gov introduced a programme of health care workers for public
33
Q

Describe progress of the Millennium Development goal 7

A

Ensure environmental sustainability

  • improving water supply is v.important in Sub-Saharan Africa as in many informal settlements people do not have access to piped water
  • South Africa reached an agreement with neighbouring country- Lesotho. Lesotho provides water for South African city of Johannesburg- resulted in the LHWP project
  • people with safe water supply in South Africa has increased by 4%
34
Q

What are some general patterns of Millennium Development goal progress across the world?

A
  • poverty levels have fallen dramatically in east Asia, but elsewhere, progress has been slow- eg in Sub-Saharan Africa- remains above 50%
  • Number of people with HIV (33 million) continues to grow
  • Distribution of bed nets has reduced deaths from malaria
35
Q

MEDC

A

Countries with a high standard of living and a large GNI

36
Q

Describe the progress of the Millennium Development Goals in Sub-Saharan Africa

A

Good progress where there is a stable government and aid is received

Goal 6 (combat diseases)- wider access to drugs to prevent HIV. Still over 60% live with HIV. bet nets have reduced malaria deaths

Goal 4 (reduce child mortality)- Little progress. Half of world child deaths were in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2008- due to malnutrition and little access to safe water

Goal 2 (education)- Female enrolment still less than males

37
Q

Describe the progress of the Millennium Development goals in South Asia

A

Development has not been spread fairly in countries as some still live in poverty, while others have money from global businesses

Goal 1 (eradicate poverty + hunger)- miracle rice, a GM crop has a higher nutritional value. Has only been a 3% drop in poverty rates. Nearly 600 million without sanitation

Goal 4 (Reduce child mortality)- free school meals for children has reduced malnutrition in India

38
Q

What is aid?

A

the transfer of resources from richer companies to poorer ones. It includes money, equipment, training and loans

39
Q

How are governments and nongovernmental organisations addressing the Millennium development goals?

A

by sending aid

40
Q

What are the 5 types of aid?

A

short term

long term

bilateral

multilateral

non governmental

41
Q

What is short term aid?

A

aid provided after or during a disaster

42
Q

What is Long term aid?

A

A sustained program which aims to improve standards of living

43
Q

What is bilateral aid?

A

an arrangement between 2 countries. it is often ‘tied aid’ meaning that the receiving country has to spend the money on goods and services from the donor country

44
Q

What is Multilateral aid?

A

money donated by richer countries via organisations such as the United Nations and the World Bank

45
Q

What is Non Governmental aid?

A

given through charities such as Oxfam. It may support small scale development projects

46
Q

Why may people be in favour of giving aid?

A
  • emergency aid saves lives in disasters

- improves infrastructure, services, healthcare, education and quality of life

47
Q

Why are some people against giving aid?

A
  • Increased dependency on donor country
  • Aid doesn’t always reach the people who need it as it can be corrupt by officials
  • Dependency on food aid slows improvements in agriculture
48
Q

What are large scale development projects and why are they set up?

A

LEDCs use large scale development projects to ‘kick start’ their economies and the development process, hopefully starting the multiplier effect

  • can be described as ‘top down’ development
  • These projects rely heavily on foreign investment and aid.
  • Projects can cause lots of problems as money is often borrowed from MEDCs, which places the country in debt. They also pollute the environment and disrupt local communities
49
Q

Case study- Large Scale Development Project

A

The Narmada Development Project, India

  • 1940s- multi million project first discussed
  • Project involved construction of over 3000 dams on Narmada River
  • aim- to provide water and electricity needed for development
  • Construction of largest dam Sardar Sarovar, has been opposed as will make 20,000 homeless + drown surrounding farmland and religious sites
  • Those in favour say it will supply 30 million with fresh water + HEP will provide cheap electricity
  • in 2000 construction of large dam began, India borrowed $200 million for it
50
Q

What are Small Scale Development Projects and why are they set up?

A

they are projects that rely on making small changes, working with local people and using local skills.

  • This can be described as ‘bottom up development’
  • Projects aim to meet people’s everyday needs- clean water + sanitation
  • this type of development does not rely as heavily on investment as they are supported by nongovernmental organisations (NGOs)
51
Q

Case Study- Small scale development project

A

Camfed, Zambia

  • Camfed is a charity whose aim is to eradicate poverty in Africa through the education of girls and empowerment of young women
  • Female literacy rate in 10% lower than males
  • only 2% of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is spent on education
  • Charity supports women in education so end up with better jobs-earn more-means their children receive education as parents can fund them
52
Q

What is the Multiplier effect?

A

describes how an increase in economic activity starts a chain reaction that generates more activity that the original increase

Geography (9 decks)

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