Chapter 4 Practice Questions

Question 1

What is measurement?

Answer 1

Measurement is assigning numbers to represent the level of a variable.

Question 2

What happens without accurate measurement?

Answer 2

Without accurate measurement, we cannot be confident of the accuracy of the conclusions of our research.

Question 3

What are the properties of abstract number systems?

Answer 3

The properties of abstract number systems are identity, magntide, equal intrvals and true zero.

Question 4

What are nominal scales?

Answer 4

Nominal scales are naming scales.

Question 5

What are ordinal scales?

Answer 5

Order phenomena based on their magnitude.

Question 6

What are interval scales?

Answer 6

Interval scales convey information about both order and the distance between values.

Question 7

What are ratio scales?

Answer 7

Ratio scales provide the best match to the number scale.

Question 8

What type of data to nominal scales produce?

Answer 8

Nominal scale produce nominal or categorical data.

Question 9

What type of data do ordinal scales produce?

Answer 9

Ordinal data

Question 10

What type of data do interval and ration data produce?

Answer 10

Score data.

Question 11

What property do nominal scales have?

Answer 11

Property of identity.

Question 12

What property do ordinal scale have?

Answer 12

Properties of identity and magnitude

Question 13

Wgat property do interval scales have?

Answer 13

identity, magnitude and equal intervals

Question 14

Wga properties do ratio scales have?

Answer 14

Identity, magntitude, equal intervals and a true zero point.

Question 15

What is a true zero point?

Answer 15

A true zero means that zero on the scale represents a zero level of property being measured.

Question 16

What does it mean when a scale has a true zero point?

Answer 16

Taking the ration of two measures on the scale provides a meaningful number.

Question 17

What is the best way to minimise measurement error?

Answer 17

It is to develop well thought out operational definitions and follow thm exactly

Question 18

How do operational definitions transform theoretical variables into concrete events?

Answer 18

By stating precisely how these variables should be measured.

Question 19

What is social desirability?

Answer 19

It is the participant’s tendency to respond in what they believe to be the most socially accepted manner. Such response tendencies distort measures and therefore threaten the validity of research.

Question 20

What is converfent validity?

Answer 20

It involves multiple lines of research converging on the same conclusions, which increases confidence that the phenonmenon is consistient.

Question 21

What is reliability?

Answer 21

Reliability refers to the constancy of a measure.

Question 22

What are the types of reliability?

Answer 22

Interrater reliabiluty, test-retest reliability and internal consistency

Question 23

Can measures be reliable without be valid?

Answer 23

Yes

Question 24

Can measures be valid without being reliable?

Answer 24

No

Question 25

What happens if the effective range of the scale is inaqeduate?

Answer 25

The data will be distorted.

Question 26

When do floor effects occur?

Answer 26

They occur when scores bunch at the bottom of the scale.

Question 27

When do ceiling effects occur?

Answer 27

They occur when scores bunch at the top of the scale.

Question 28

How does reliability refer to a measure?

Answer 28

Consitsnecy of a measure.

Question 29

How does validity refer to a measure?

Answer 29

Accuracy of a measrue.

Question 30

Why may a researcher be tempted to fabricate data?

Answer 30

Personal, financial or political gain.

Question 31

When is data fabrication found?

Answer 31

Peer review rocess of because of the findings will not replicate otehr scienticists.