4a

Question 1

How do organisms respond to changes in the

marine environment?

CYCLIC

Definition

Answer 1

Seasonal and daily changes

Question 2

During enviromental changes (flooding, rain, droughts) marine animals have ____ changes

Answer 2

Rapid

Question 3

Orgs must have ____ in order to sense the change in order to respond

Answer 3

receptors

Question 4

ex of receptors (5)

Answer 4

receptor antennae
tentacles
protein systems
transfer systems-
nervous connections to muscle systems, endocrine systems

Question 5

Response must be ____ and maximize _____

Answer 5

adaptive
fitness

Question 6

Types of responses

Answer 6

• Behavioral
• Physiological
• Biochemical

Question 7

Physiological response

Answer 7

Cellular changes at large systemic level
- involve whole body systems
- coordinated reactions throughout multiple organs
- includes behavioural changes and visible adaptations
- occurs over longer time pex eriods/scales (mins, days, seasons)

Question 8

Biochemical Response

Answer 8

Changes of concentrations of enzymes , iolns, within specific cell types
- occur at the cellular or molecular level
- involves gene expression
- happen rapidly (secs to hours)

Question 9

EX of biochemical response

Answer 9

ex production of heat shock proteins in response to temperature stress,
- changes in enzyme activity to maintain homeostatis,
- alterations in gene expression to adapt enviromental cues

Question 10

Ex of physiological response

Answer 10

ex hibernation, migration in response to seasonal changes
- changes in skin or fur colour to regulate body temperature

Question 11

Metabolic rate

definition

Answer 11

total rate of energy used by an organism, usually oxygen consumption)

Question 12

metabolic rate is
used to

Answer 12

get an overall
impression of a response to a change in the environment

Question 13

3 types of responses

Answer 13

Behavioral
Physiological
Biochemical

Question 14

Behavioral

Answer 14

External Actions (ex. burrowing, hiding)

Question 15

Physiological response

Answer 15

Internal Body wide changes
ex. hibernation, skin color shifts

Question 16

Biochemical response

Answer 16

Cellular-level adjustmemts
ex. enzyme concentration, gene expression

Question 17

Which is faster physiological or biochemical

Answer 17

Physiological are generally slower
Biochemical are rapid

Question 18

Metabolic rate q

A fish swimming faster in water in response to enviromental changes uses ___ energy

Answer 18

More

Question 19

Not being able to respond fast enough to physiological or biochemical changes can cause

Answer 19

Death

Question 20

Definition

Acclimation

Answer 20

When an organism slowly gets used to a new enviroment (like a change in temperature or oxygen level)

Question 21

The organism’s body adjusts its functions by

Answer 21

adjustimg a breathing rate, metabolism, - so it can survive better in new conditions

Question 22

ian

How does acclimation work?

Answer 22

1.Inital response
- right after movinf to a new enviroment, the org might struggle/show stress

2.Adjustment
- over time, the organism starts to adjust at the cellular and biochemical level

3.New steady state
- eventually, the organism finds a new normal in the new enviroment - it is now acclimated

Question 23

3 things

What happens after acclimation is complete

Answer 23

• Stablization
  the organism stays in this new steady state (acclimated condtion)
• Further Change
  If the enviroment changes agaim (ex. temperature shift, salinty change)
  a new acclimation process might start all over again
• Limits of Acclimation
  if the enviroment changes too much or too quickly, the org might not be able to acclimate further, which could lead to stress or death

Question 24

Regulation

definintion

Answer 24

maitnence of constancy despite enviromental change

Question 25

Conformance | definition

Answer 25

internal stage changes to match external enviromental change

Question 26

Conformers allows for ___ requires ___ adaptation is ____

Answer 26

- allows for internal conditions to change with external enviromental changes - ex. most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers (match internal osomolarity to the surrouding seawater) - requires less energy (they don't actively regulate conditions) - adaptation is limited to stable enivroments limited since they depned on external conditions for survival

Question 27

Regulators maintain a __ requires ___ extended adaptation because ____

Answer 27

- stable internal enviroment regardless of external changes ex. marine mammals are osmoregualtors (actively control internal salt concentrations despite surrounding seawater) - requires more energy to sustain homestatis through active regulation - extended adapatation because can survive in a wider range of enviroments due to abilty to regulate internal conditions

Question 28

Basic survial can happen in a

Answer 28

wide temperature range

Question 29

High performance functions like movement, growth, and reproduction, only occur

Answer 29

in a narrow range of temperatures

Question 30

an organism may survive under range of temperatures - but it can grow , move, and reproduce well within a

Answer 30

within a much smaller temperature window

Question 31

Aerobic Scope

Answer 31

The difference between an animals maximum and minimum rates of aerobic metabolism , It is measured as oxygen consumption (ex. measure of available energy for active metabolism)

Question 32

# formula Aerobic Scope (AS)

Answer 32

AS = MMR - SMR (Active metabolism - maintenance metabolism)

Question 33

As temperatures get too ____ there is a threshold which reduces aerobic scope ___ ____

Answer 33

high to zero

Question 34

# Significance Aerobic Scope (AS) Performance Indicator

Answer 34

it indicates the capacity for oxygen - demanding activities like swimming, growth, and reproduction

Question 35

# AS Enviromental Adaptation

Answer 35

reflects how well an organism is adapted to its enviroment, particularly temperature

Question 36

Fitness Measure

Answer 36

Higher AS often correlates with better overall fitness and survival potential

Question 37

what is Ecological relevance? Affected by:

Answer 37

AS can predict how species might respond to enviromental changes, such as climate change

Question 38

Scope Growth | Definition

Answer 38

Measure of the food intake that is available for an organism for growth and reproduction, **beyond the cost of metabolism **

Question 39

# Scope for Growth (SG) Metabolism | Definition

Answer 39

Chemical reactions that occur within the cells of living organisms (essential for converting food into energy

Question 40

Catabolism

Answer 40

Breakdown of complex molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

Question 41

Anabolism

Answer 41

synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones

Question 42

Scope for Growth (SG) formula

Answer 42

SG = Energy assimilated - cost of metabolism

Question 43

Energy assimilated =

Answer 43

energy taken in from food (thats digested and absorbed)

Question 44

Cost of metabolism =

Answer 44

energy used for basic body functions (like breathing, circulation, cell maitenence)

Question 45

What does aerobic scope tell you

Answer 45

How much extra metabolic power is available for : - physical activity - performing under stress - coping with enviromental changes (like heat or low oxygen)

Question 46

What does scope for growth tell you

Answer 46

tells you how much left over energy is available for - growth - repro - storage - repair

Question 47

The aerobic scope is affected by (TOSL)

Answer 47

Affected by: - TEMP - OXY AVAILABILTY - STRESS - LIFE STAGE

Question 48

If SG is positive, then the org can

Answer 48

thrive

Question 49

if the SG is zero or neg , then the org is

Answer 49

in trouble ..! its barely surving or losing energy

Question 50

In the mussel example , what are the two main factors that it is affected by

Answer 50

1, food availabilty - ration 2, acclimation temperature

Question 51

Mussels have less scope for growth when

Answer 51

- food is limited - temperatures are high

Question 52

# 6 THINGS Measures of physiology in marine bio

Answer 52

- Aerobic scope - scope for growth - scope that the org has for given activities that it does (ex. swimming) - looking at response from predators - mortality rate - can measure effect of changes in the enviroment (ex. temperature - LD50

Question 53

# 3 things What is the LD50

Answer 53

It is lethal dose 50% the temperature or condition where 50% of the population dies within a specific time period a quantitive way to compare tolerance in species

Question 54

# ld50 graph Mystid shrimp vs. mud crabs. Which are less tolerant to the heat in the graph

Answer 54

mystid shrimp reach 50% mortality at a lower temperature, meaning they are less tolerant to heat