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4b Flashcards

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1
Q

3 things

What are some examples of temperature variations in the marine enviroment

A
  1. Latitudinal temp variations
  2. seasonal temperature changes
  3. short term changes (ex. weather changes, tidal changes)
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2
Q

How is temperature regulated in homeotherms

A

these organisms regulate body temperature and maintain a constant body temp

the body temp is usually higher than the surrounding (ambient) temperature (so the temp of the seawater around them)

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3
Q

Having constant and relatively high body temp will enable homeotherms to do what ?

A

enables biochemical reactions to occur in a relatively constant internal enviroment at a high rate

high body temp = constant biochemical rxns at a high rate

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4
Q

t/f - marine hometotherms lose heat rapidly to the surrounding enviroment

A

true

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5
Q

ADV of being a marine homeotherms

A

constancy of cellular chemical reactions

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6
Q

disadv of marine homeotherms

A

rapid heat loss

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7
Q

2 solutions that homeotherms use

A
  1. Insulation - used by many veterbrates (blubber in whales, feathers in birds)
  2. Countercurrent heat exchange
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8
Q

Homeotherms use ___ to generate and maintain heat

A

use energy (from metabolism)

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9
Q

How does countercurrent work

A

countercurrent heat exchange reduces heat loss by transferring heat from warm arterial blood to cooler venous blood as they flow past eachother in oppostie directions
- this helps marine animals retain body heat and survive in cold enviroments!

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10
Q

4 points

Explain countercurrent heat exchange in dolphins

A
  1. in marine mammals, limbs are the main sources of heat loss
    - they expose a greater amount of the body surface area to the colder water
  2. Warm arterial blood -> flippers
    - blood coming from the dolphins core is warm and oxygen rich
    - moving outward through arteries to the flippers
  3. Cold venous blood <- back to heart
    - blood returning from the flipper is cold and low in oxygen, and it moves inward through veins
  4. Heat transfer happens between vessels
    - arteries are surrounded by veins
    - heat from warm arterial blood is transferred to cooler venous blood before it gets too close to the skin
    - this keeps the core warm and minimizes heat loss to seawater
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11
Q

Is counter current perfect?

A

No. This is an adaptation to marine life!
- it is not perfect! so dolphins still lose some heat

  • To cope, dolphins + and other marine mammals have a higher metabolic rate than land mammals of the same size
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12
Q

3 points

explain countercurrent heat exchange in Tuna

A
  1. Vascular Anatomy
    - arranged in countercurrent vascular orientation diff from dolphinns
    - so this means warm and cold blood flow in opposite direction
  2. Heat transfer mechanism
    - warm blood from the body core (arteries) flows towards the surface
    - cooler blood returning from the surface (veins) absorbs heat from these arteries
    - this recycles heat, prevents loss to the water, and keeps the core warm
  3. Body heat pattern
    - the core remains the warmest (28-29C), even though the water is much colder (around 19c)
    - heat decreases gradually toward the periphery - but still stays warmer than the water
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13
Q

Why is the countercurrent pattern importatnt for Tuna

A

Tuna are fast swimmers.
keeping their muscles warm helps maintain efficeiencey and speed - esp in cool waters, where most fish would slow down

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14
Q

Poikilotherms

definition and example

A

organisms that body temp conform to that of the ambient enviroment
ex . most subtidal marine invertebrates, most fishes, and marine reptiles

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15
Q

3 things

What are the adaptations of poikilotherms?

EMG

A
  1. they have specialized enzymes and structures: work across a wide range of temps
  2. Migration: they move to warmer or cooler waters to maintain performance
  3. Gigantothermy: Larger body size helps retain heat longer (slows heat loss)
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16
Q

Adv of poikilotherms

A

No energy cost to regulate body temp.
- more energy can go toward growth or reproduction when conditions are good

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17
Q

Disadv of pokilotherms

A
  • performance of speed , digestion, growth, depends on external temps
  • metabolic efficiency drops in cooler water
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18
Q

In intertidal zones or tide pools, poikilotherms can overheat if:

A
  1. water gets too warm
  2. they are exposed to the sun at a low tide
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19
Q

How do poikilotherms avoid overheating

A
  1. they move warm fluids to the surface to release heat -> circulation
  2. Water loss helps cool down the body -> evaporation
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20
Q

Poikilotherms are ___ to enviromental temperatures, which saves ___ but makes them vulnerable to ___

A

Poikilotherms are conformant to enviromental temperatures, which saves energy but makes them vulnerable to extreme heat or cold

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21
Q

In poikilotherms; higher temperatures =

A

higher metabolic rate

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22
Q

Pokilotherms speed up metabolism as it gets warmer: which does what to the oxygen consumption, carbohydrate, more activtity

A

as poikilotherms speed metabolism as it gets warmer.
- more oxygen consumption, more carbohydrate burning, and more activity

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23
Q

2 things

With higher temperature, which then causes higher metabolism in poikilotherms: this increases energy demand, which can

A

Deplete energy reserves
&
reduce scope for growth (less energy left for growth, reproduction, etc.)

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24
Q

Through ____, poikilotherms can adjust their physiology to stabilize ____ over a _____

A

Through acclimation, poikilotherms can adjust their physiology to stabilize metabolic rate over a wider temperature

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25
Acclimation helps regulate the inc metabolic rate due to temp inc but the consquence is
acclimating and maintaining function in extreme temperatures uses energy too
26
Subspecies can differ in
temperature tolerance
27
adaptations to freezing in polar waters example
Antarctic species may not survive above 10°C. These differences evolve due to long-term exposure to different climates. A specific example: Some fish, like northern cod (Gadidae) produce special proteins like -glycoproteins and glycopeptides - they act like antifreeze , they bind to ice crystals and prevent them from growing, protecting the fish from freezing solid - this adaptation is key for winter survival in icy water
28
Different subspecies can evolve to
tolerate specific temperature ranges
29
Effects of heat shock
has effects on physiological integration of biochemical reactions in cells, can denature proteins that cannot function at high temps
30
# Cellular responses of heat shock 1/3 heat shock proteins
are formed during heat stress, which prevent unfolding of protein 3D structure - help stabilize or refold damaged proteins
31
# Cellular responses of heat shock 2/3 Ubiquitin
it is a low molecular weight protein it removes and recycles degraded proteins
32
# Cellular responses of heat shock 3/3 what role does Acclimation in heat shock
acclimation to varying temperatures may be achieved by changing the production rate of heat shock proteins and ubiquitin
33
the timing and amount of egg and sperm production (called spawning) are highly influenced by
temperature
34
As temperature increases in late winter to spring, ____ peaks triggering ____
gonad development peaks triggering spawning
35
when is it spawning season for Piaster ochraceus
in the spring
36
WHAT happens after spawning
the gonad index drops, showing release of eggs and sperm then gradually rebuilds for the next year
37
# 2 points Why does temperature matter
- Warmer temps can trigger horomonal cues for reproduction - timing is crucial for matching larvae with favorable enviromental conditions like food availability
38
# Many marine groups are intolerant of salinity salinity varies a lot in some habitats. provide some examples
estuaries, tide pools, and interdial zones experience rapid and frequent changes in salinty due to tides, rain, evaporation, etc
39
Pelagic plankton (living in the open ocean) are especially sensitive to salinty changes because
they live in more stable environments. Because the environment is so stable: These organisms haven’t evolved strong mechanisms to deal with sudden salinity changes. Their biochemistry is fine-tuned for narrow salt concentrations
40
# 2 examples to be able to cope with salinity changes, what mechanisms are in place?
specific biochemical reactions (for maintaining constant chemical conditions within cells) ex. use of sodium channels (proteins that transport sodiun through the cell membrane) for precise sodium regulation potassium regulation (crucial element for membrane function of nerve and muscle cells)
41
why is the regulation of salts necessary
because their concentration affects the catalytic rate and the interaction of substrates with enzymes on a cellular level if salt concentrations change too much, cellular reactions slow down or stop. which can kill the organism
42
Definition of Osmosis
movement of water (or solvent) across a semipermeable membrane from high to low water potential
43
What medium does osmosis occur in
it occurs in liquid medium only
44
what is the membrane requirement in osmosis
it requires a semipermeable membrane
45
what is the directionality of osmosis
solvents move in one direction towards the higher SOLUTE concentration
46
Which type of molecule moves in Osmosis
only solvent molecules ex water
47
What is the driving force in osmosis
it is driven by differences in water potential or solute concentration across the membrane
48
sum up all of osmosis
movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from where there is more water (lower solute concentration) to where there is less water (higher solute concentration)
49
ex of osmosis
water absorption by plant roots, turgor pressure in cells
50
def of diffusion
movement of particles (solute or solvent) from high to low concentrations
51
what is the medium of diffusion
occurs in liq gas and solids
52
what is the membrane requirement in diffusion
it does not require a membrane it can occur across all permeable barriers
53
What is the directionality of diffusion
the particles move all over, in all directions until evenly distruibuited
54
what is the type of molecule moved in diffusion
both solute or solvent can move
55
what is the driving force of diffusion
it is driven by concentration gradients of particles
56
ex of diffusion
perfume spreading in air, food colouring dispersing in water
57
why is osmosis important
it regulates cell volume too much water can cause cell to burst or too little can cause it to shrink
58
why is diffusion important
it regulares ion concentration cells must control how ions like (Na+, K+, Cl-) move in/out to maintain balance for nerve signals, muscle function, and pH
59
60
explain osmosis, the osmosis problem, and how some orgs work around it.
Osmosis = water moves from low solute (salt) areas to high solute areas. If an animal with salty internal fluids is placed in less salty (low salinity) water, water rushes into its body. This causes the cells to swell, which can create osmotic stress and potentially damage the organism. A marine worm placed in low-salinity water: Takes on water at first (body swells — as shown in the graph). But then, it actively expels excess salts using special excretory organs (nephridiopores). This allows the worm to re-balance its internal water and salt levels, and return to normal body volume. Through active regulation: They pump salts out of their body to reduce the osmotic pull. This helps stop water from rushing in, and the animal returns to osmotic balance.
61
Explain diffusion and the the diffusion problem
Diffusion - random movement of dissolved substances across a permeable membrane; tends to equalize concentrations diffusion makes it difficult to regulate concentration of physiologically important ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium most marine organisms have ionic concentrations of cell components similar to seawater
62
2 mechs used to regulate salinty in seawater
ion regulation and cell volume regulation!
63

biol 450 (6 decks)

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