4a — gender

Question 1

legal acts against sexism

Answer 1

Equal Pay Act 1970 BUT still pay gap of 17%.

Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (illegal to disadvantage one gender over another when recruiting)

Question 2

studies for job Satisfaction (gender)

Answer 2

Abrams

Mac an Ghail

Question 3

Abrams

Answer 3

• studied working class women below the minimum wage
• often not paid for time spent at work: undercover job gave unpaid training, breaks and lunch, buying own equipment
  UNETHICAL, already low working class pay is further eroded. 😡

Question 4

Mac an Ghail

Answer 4

OCRISISF MASCULINITY 🙍‍♂️😧

Manual labour 🏭 gave men sense of PRIDE 😼😼. Move away from manual labour —> insecurity.

Men who’s traditional masculinity is now IRRELEVANT but can’t align with modern masculinity face crisis 🙍‍♂️😧.

Depression 😞, fatalism, crime 🚨, domestic violence, adoption of new identities.

deindustrialisation and feminisation of workplace and education (boys don’t do as well at GCSE)

Average of 7 years shorter life span than women, higher suicide rates

Question 5

studies for Top jobs (gender)

Answer 5

Glass ceiling

Arber and Ginn

Question 6

studies for Employment opportunities (gender)

Answer 6

Dodd (+Zempi)

UK Feminista

Question 7

Dodd (+Zempi)

Answer 7

High levels of discrimination for particular groups of women (especially Muslim women wearing hijab) less likely to get a job.

Zempi: discrimination against Muslim women

Question 8

UK Feminista

Answer 8

MOTHERHOOD PENALTY/LEAKY PIPELINE
up to 30,000 women are sacked each year for being pregnant

440,000 women lose out on pay promotion due to pregnancy

Question 9

studies for Pay (gender)

Answer 9

UK Women’s Budget Group 2018
Alakson

Sommers

Question 10

UK women;s budget group 2018

Answer 10

women are 47% of employment
73% of part time employment

65.5% of mothers look for part time work, 77% of fathers look for full time work (ONS)

Question 11

Alakson 2012

Answer 11

70% of sample of 1610 part time working women said they freely chose part time work to balance family commitments

BUT high cost of childcare and difficulties of finding wrap care to cope with short school day, inflexible employers and inflexible male partners force them to find part time

PART TIME PENALTY — 44% had to take jobs that were lower skilled and lower paid jobs than previously

Question 12

Sommers

Answer 12

Factual feminist
gap between men and women is EARNINGS GAP not pay gap, as it relates to different choices and careers not discrimination

97% of worker fatalities are males: so men are paid better because more dangerous jobs

Question 13

glass ceiling

Answer 13

vertical segregation
women in top jobs:
17% of top company directors
22% of MPs

Question 14

Arber and Ginn

Answer 14

older women serve as a reserve army of labour and are exploited due to their unpaid work
— caring for grandkids 👦 ☺️
— volunteering 🙋 for charities
— loans, emotional + practical support 🏠
STILL PLAY ESSENTIAL ROLE IN SOCIETY

Oakley: dual burden, triple shift