mock revision

Question 1

abrams

Answer 1

• studied working class workers below the minimum wage
• often not paid for time spent at work: undercover job gave unpaid training, breaks and lunch, buying own equipment
  UNETHICAL, already low working class pay is further eroded. 😡

Question 2

ritzer

Answer 2

mcjobs
script
uniform
rigid schedule
dehumanised
unsatisfied
americanisation

Question 3

elite theory

Answer 3

middle and upper classes have advantages in employment opportunities
Sutton Trust: ruling class elite use elite schools —> elite universities —> old boys network —> employment
in elite jobs
Working class disadvantaged in job market.
50% of elite Westminster schools Oxbridge 2007.
top 7% private schools

Question 4

milburn

Answer 4

glass floor
15/17 supreme court judges/heads of division private

Question 5

goldthorpe and lockwood

Answer 5

instrumental attitude. prioritising getting quick jobs for money over satisfaction. no traditional working class pride/solidarity

Question 6

mac an ghail

Answer 6

crisis of masculinity
deindustrialisation
feminisation of workplace
fatalism alcoholism depression domestic violence

Question 7

owen jones

Answer 7

income inequality in tax + benefits system

— poorest 10% pay 43% of their income in tax, richest 10% pay just 35%.
— 2000s policy of austerity in noughties hit the poorest hardest as local councils had their budgets cut by an average of 40%

king charles inherited 600 million paid no inheritance

Question 8

garrod

Answer 8

— increasing zero hour contracts (pay variable week to week, sometimes no work or pay)
— no guaranteed income compared to middle class
— 2021: 3% of workforce on zero hour contract
— GIG ECONOMY: workers get paid fora “gig” rather than week’s work. Freelance work, short term contract
— no basic rights like sick/holiday pay
— estimated 1 million ppl work in gig economy e.g. deliveroo, uber
— Denise Coats CEO of Bet365 earned 14,200 times average UK salary

Question 9

gig economy

Answer 9

1 million in gig economy

66% age 16-30

no stability, security

uber drivers, deliveroo

Question 10

brinkley et al

Answer 10

2013: women more likely to be employed in low paid low skilled jobs than 20 years ago
jobs for 16 year olds less and less common
dominant ideology that teenagers will be in education

Question 11

arber and ginn

Answer 11

reserve army of labour
volunteering childcare financial emotional support
exploited
only access to lower down jobs, not top jobs

Question 12

gannon

Answer 12

double disadvantaged
declining fertility and sexual capital
don’t cater for menopause
lack of respect

Question 13

resolution foundation

Answer 13

18-24 24% furloughed, highest

Question 14

independent 2018

Answer 14

Milennials are economically disadvantaged
earning significantly les than predicted and not in careers they’d hoped for

half of 16-17 year olds expected to earn 35,000 by age 30 with a degree and 25,000 without
but average salary of 30 year old in 2017 was 23,700

Question 15

minimum wage

Answer 15

under 18 £5.28
over 21 £10.42

Question 16

walby

Answer 16

public patriarchy
glass ceiling
22% of MPs are female

Question 17

davidson

Answer 17

concrete ceiling: barrier associated with ethnic minority women in workplace

double discrimination of sexism AND racism makes glass ceiling more impenetrable

—> ROLLOCKS 2019: black women only 0.1% of active professors, 68% white men

Question 18

UK feminista

Answer 18

motherhood penalty
/leaky pipeline

up to 30,000 women sacked for being pregnant each year

Question 19

alakson

Answer 19

part-time penalty

70% of sample of 1610 part time working women said they freely chose part time work to balance family commitments

BUT high cost of childcare and difficulties of finding wrap care to cope with short school day, inflexible employers and inflexible male partners force them to find part time

PART TIME PENALTY — 44% had to take jobs that were lower skilled and lower paid jobs than previously

Question 20

gender pay gap

Answer 20

17.3%

Question 21

professor sue

Answer 21

micro aggressions
26% felt uncomfortable
“where are you really from”
70% ethnic minorities born in the UK

Question 22

joseph rowntree foundation

Answer 22

pakistani and bangladeshi more likely to be self employed due to institutional racism

no sick/holiday pay

Question 23

rollocks

Answer 23

uni professors 0.1% black women 68% white men

Question 24

brown and gay

Answer 24

‘white’ name applications twice as likely to be interviewed than ‘asian’ names

Question 25

sewell report

Answer 25

white unemployment 4% black unemployment 9%

Question 26

heath and mcmahon

Answer 26

ETHNIC PENALTY: all sources of disadvantage that may lead to an ethnic minority group to fare less well than similarly qualified white people. Cabinet Office: all ethnic minorities suffer an ethnic penalty black male graduates: paid 17% an hour less

Question 27

platt

Answer 27

pay — women: White British pay is greater than Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Black African women but lower than Indian, Black Caribbean, and Chinese women men: Indian, Chinese, then White British

Question 28

class

Answer 28

SARbastion Teaches Esti Makeup Esti Gives Loving Messages and Gifts as Payment, Or Jasmine Greentea

Question 29

age

Answer 29

Sad Great Britain Thought All Girls Give Excellent Green Red Fish Pecause I Mean Well

Question 30

gender

Answer 30

SABastion Teaches Women Dance Everyday Until Girls Panic and Giggle

Question 31

Ethnicity

Answer 31

Stop Pressing Silly Juicy Red FIsh Towards Danish Royals Else Big Gay Sally Reports Police Harry Martin Police

Question 32

Feminist KAs for gender

Answer 32

liberal: Oakley radical: Dworkin Marxist: Feeley triple: bell hooks

Question 33

functionalist KAs for gender

Answer 33

Young Davis and Moore Parsons Rastogi

Question 34

Marxist KAs for gender

Answer 34

Feeley Castles and Kossack Skeggs Bourdieu

Question 35

Weber KAs

Answer 35

Weber Barron and Norris Parkin Hutton

Question 36

Marxist KAs for class

Answer 36

Marx Castles and Kossack Bourdieu Gramsci

Question 37

Functionalist KAs for class

Answer 37

Young Davis and Moore Parsons Saunders

Question 38

New Right KAs for class

Answer 38

Marsland Murray Murray and Herrnstein Dennis and Erdos

Question 39

Marxist KAs for ethnicity

Answer 39

Castles and Kossack Castles and Kossack + Hall Cox Bourdieu

Question 40

Functionalist KAs for ethnicity

Answer 40

Young Davis and Moore Roberts Patterson

Question 41

Marxist KAs for age

Answer 41

Castles and Kossack Castles and Kossack and Hall Marx Bourdieu

Question 42

Functionalist KAs for age

Answer 42

Young Davis and Moore Parsons Eisenstadt

Question 43

Feeley

Answer 43

family props up the capitalist system family = patriarchal institution, women being exploited in role of wife and mother capitalist ideology promotes nuclear family is ideal type + gender inequalities are natural and legitimate children brainwashed by nuclear family unit to become next generation of workers teaches conformity to parental control and acceptance of hierarchy segregated conjugal roles taught bride price

Question 44

Skeggs

Answer 44

working class women particularly oppressed feminists advance 'individualist' values and overlook discrimination against working class working class women retraining to become health care workers. Dressing style changed: more demure, less makeup, to FIT IN with new role. working class women oppressed by dual system of patriarchy and capitalism

Question 45

Schlafly

Answer 45

positive freedom traditional gender roles are FREEING for women "liberation" only leads to bondage campaigned against Equal Rights Amendment in USA 1970 Inequality exists and benefits women as traditional gender roles gives them special privileges e.g. chivalry e.g. wife dependent benefits under social security, freedom from financial responsibility and army drafting,

Question 46

Rastogi

Answer 46

Human Capital Theory human capital = knowledge, competency, attitude and behaviour embedded in an individual wage gap explained through amount of human capital people develop through knowledge and training personal income varies based on investment in human capital WOMEN less likely to invest in human capital and training due to expectation that they're less committed to paid employment than men. choosing different priorities. e.g. degree choice, maternity leave

Question 47

Hakim

Answer 47

women now have genuine freedom to choose their own destinies. patriarchal obstacles have largely been removed by leglislation women given a rational free choice, and many simply choose to prioritise childcare gender differences in orientations to work PREFERENCE THEORY: some women (especially highly educated) are work-oriented others have more traditional views, are home oriented some believe in PRIMARY gender roles but also fluidity between them (adaptive orientation) both men and women should use sexual capital to get on in life

Question 48

Marsland

Answer 48

WELFARE DEPENDENCY has undermined underclass’s sense of commitment, obligation, responsibility and independence. They become lazy 😴 Welfare state and benefits system creates culture of dependency, creating + maintaining underclass LEWIS: ‘new paternalism’ underclass of infantilised ppl unable and unwilling to help themselves. Marshmallow test (present time orientation)

Question 49

Mead

Answer 49

cultural inadequacy, not social barriers like systematic racism “the seriously poor are mostly blacks and Hispanics” as they have not internalised Western norms of individualism. “they are at a disadvantage competing with the European groups — even if they face no mistreatment on racial grounds” COLLECTIVISM VS INDIVIDUALISM purdah, izzat

Question 50

Roberts

Answer 50

Cultural factors economic differences between ethnicities is due to culture Modood: 3/5 Bangladeshi women, 1/2 Pakistani women DIDN’T SPEAK ENGLISH Afro-Caribbean groups have anti-enterprise attitude Cashmore: successful black entreprenuers treated with suspicion South Asian women have custom of purdah (seclusion of women away from men). SO EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES REDUCED

Question 51

Patterson

Answer 51

HOST-IMMIGRANT MODEL Britain 🇬🇧 = stable, homogenous, orderly, value consensus DISRUPTED by immigrant ‘strangers’ in the 50s. culture clash between West Indians (boisterous, noisy, not queueing) and English hosts (valued privacy, quiet, ‘keeping oneself to oneself’ Hosts aren’t racist, just unsure, so confusion spills into suspicion and resentment. Cultural ‘strangeness’ Cultural assimilation will eventually happen and create racial harmony

Question 52

Eisenstadt

Answer 52

adolescence: shifting loyalty from parents to marriage partner rebellion against parental discipline experimentation and finding identity self discovery > economic rewards roles of less commitment and maturity