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CRUSADES DATES > 4TH XDE 2 > Flashcards

4TH XDE 2 Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

1171

A

Venetians maltreated in Constantinople; rumoured to be how Dandalo was blinded

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2
Q

1193

A

Saladin dies; Near East fragments

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3
Q

1195

A

Emperor Isaac Angelos deposed, blinded and imprisoned by his brother, made Emperor Alexios III

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4
Q

1198, 8 January

A

Pope Innocent III is elected

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5
Q

1199, November

A

A crusade is preached against Markward of Anweiler in southern Italy

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6
Q

1199, November

A

Fourth Crusade is preached at a tournament at Ecry-sur-Aisne, Champagne; Count Thibaut of Champagne and Count Louis of Blois take the cross

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7
Q

1200, spring

A

Fourth Crusade leadership meets at Soissons; decision made to employ a Venetian fleet to sail to the Levant

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8
Q

1201

A

Prince Alexios escapes imprisonment and travels to Western Europe to seek support

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9
Q

1201, March

A

Northern Envoys reach Venice and begin negotiations of the terms for the transportation of the crusade by sea

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10
Q

1201, April

A

The Treaty of Venice agreed; Venetians have 50 battle galleys, vermilion flagship of the doge, 60-70 large sailing ships carrying up to 600 passengers and 100 crew, all requiring c.30,000 to man- c.1/2 of male population in Venice; decided that 4,500 horses are to be taking, necessitating the construction of dozens of galleys specially fitted with slings and low-level doors; 85,000 silver marks; French promise 35,000; secret agreement to go to Venice first

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11
Q

1201, 24 May

A

Thibaud of Champagne dies; large blow as very charismatic for recruitment; Boniface, marquis of Montferrat is approached to replace him

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12
Q

1202, Spring – August

A

Crusaders start to gather in Venice

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13
Q

1202, August

A

Only 12,000 of 35,000 men have arrived in Venice; leadership has a whip round but only makes 51,000 silver marks of the 85,000 owed- 34,000 short

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14
Q

1202, September

A

By now too late to set sail for Egypt; Dandalo proposes to go to Zara, formerly subject to the Venetians but now subjects of King Bela of Hungary, who had taken the cross- bit of an issue; Simon de Montfort opposes

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15
Q

1202, October

A

Fourth Crusade sets out from Venice for Zara; Innocent III orders the papal legate, Peter Capuano, to forbid the assault on Zara on threat of excommunication, Capuano ignores him

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16
Q

1202, 13 November

A

Siege of Zara begins

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17
Q

1202, 24 November

A

Zara surrenders to the Fourth Crusaders; Innocent III excommunicates the crusaders

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18
Q

1203, January

A

Negotiations between representative of Prince Alexios of Byzantium and the crusaders at Zara; Byzantines offer; submission of the Greek Orthodox Church; 200,000 silver marks; 10,000 men for Crusade; permanent garrison of 500 knights for Jerusalem; much debate however decided to attack Constantinople; by this point Innocent has released the contrite French but not the unrepentant Venetian and demands they “neither violate nor invade the lands of Christians, unless … [they have a] just or necessary cause”

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19
Q

1203, April

A

Simon de Montfort leaves the main crusade and goes to the Holy Land

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20
Q

1203, late May

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A

Alexios having joined the Crusaders at Corfu, they set sail for Constantinople

21
Q

1203, June

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A

Fourth Crusade and Prince Alexios arrive at Constantinople, in Scutari on the Asian side

22
Q

1203, early July

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A

Alexios is largely ignored by the Constantinopolitans; evident Alexios has exaggerated his favour to the crusaders

23
Q

1203, night of 3 July

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A

Crusaders cross the Bosphorus and land on Galata shore; first siege of Constantinople begins

24
Q

1203, 6 July

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A

The chain blocking access to the Golden Horn is broken

25
1203, mid-July
Crusaders down to three weeks’ supplies as a result of Greek raids
26
1203, 17 July
Two-pronged attack; Venetians attack the walls; a 120-acre fire is started; Emperor Alexios III fights back with the Varangian guard; confrontation outside northern walls of the city; Emperor Alexios III retreats despite vastly outnumbering the Western Crusader force, now only 500 knights, 500 mounted soldiers, c. 2000 foot soldiers
27
1203, night of 17 July
Emperor Alexios III flees overnight
28
1203, morning of 18 July
Isaac Angelos is made emperor despite being blind
29
1203, 18 July
Crusaders enter the city led by Villehardouin; Isaac horrified to hear the terms of his son’s treaty; Prince Alexios is crowned Emperor Alexios IV; Alexios IV starts to melt down relics to pay the 200,000 silver marks
30
1203, late summer
Now too late to invade Egypt; Crusaders decide to help Alexios IV to consolidate his lands around Constantinople and prepare to depart in spring 1204; attempt to portray their capture of Constantinople in the West was of spiritual benefit to the church- submission of the Eastern Orthodox Church, although no formal submission had been made in reality
31
1203, Autumn
Crusaders help Alexios IV to consolidate his lands around Constantinople; tensions grow; crusaders attack a small mosque, leading to a Latino-Constantinopolitan scuffle, causing a fire to burn through >400 acres of housing; Greeks are fuming, all Westerners forced to flee Constantinople, including several thousand merchants
32
1203, by mid-November
Payments to Crusaders are stuck and reliant on Alexios IV for food
33
1203, Winter
Tensions grow between the crusaders and Alexios IV
34
1204, 1 January
Byzantines try to destroy the Venetian fleet using fire ships, deftly avoided by the Venetians
35
1204, 27 January
Coronation of Emperor Nicholas Kannavos; Alexios IV appeals to Crusaders- Mourtzouphlos leader of the resistance to the Crusaders, won’t stand for this
36
1204, night of 27 January
Imprisonment of Alexios IV and coronation of Emperor Alexios V Mourtzouphlos – now four emperors; Mourtzouphlos kills Emperors Isaac and Kannavos, and suspends three crusaders in front of the city walls and personally ignites them
37
1204, 8 February
Strangulation of Emperor Alexios IV by Mourtzouphlos; justification for Crusaders to invade Constantinople- no food, hostile, usurper, Orthodox Church in open schism
38
1204, March
‘The March Pact’; agreement between the Venetians and the crusaders for the division of spoils should they take Constantinople; all booty to be pooled, with payment of remaining debts to the Venetians to take priority; a committee of six Frenchmen and six Venetians to decide the Latin emperor; a further committee to decide the division of Byzantine lands, with Venetian gaining economic dominance; campaign to the Holy land postponed until 1205; oaths taken not to assault women or clergy once Constantinople was captured
39
1204, 9 April
First assault on Constantinople; Crusaders sail across the Golden horn; failure- bad wind and firm defence; morale low; clergy ratchet up their rhetoric; Greek Christians are “worse than the Jews”, God was just testing their resolve; holy communion taken and prostitute expelled from the camp
40
1204, 12/13 April
Second assault on Constantinople; some resistance but then the winds change; part of the walls taken by two French knights; a group from Amiens break through a small, makeshift wall on the shoreline; crusaders then open a gate to let the others in; by nightfall Crusaders hold the districts close to the Golden Horn
41
1204, night of 12/13 April
Mourtzouphlos flees, remaining leadership surrenders in attempt to stem the violence
42
1204, latter half of April
Sack of Constantinople lasting three days; takeover of palaces by Crusade leaders is fairly orderly; rank and file ransack churches and houses, including the cathedral of Hagia Sophia and the Church of the Christ Pantocrator, and rape and murder inhabitants; actions later scorned by Byzantine writers; 300-500,000 marks worth taken- enough to fund a Western state for a decade
43
1204, 9 May
Count Baldwin of Flanders elected the first Latin Emperor of Constantinople; anointed and crowned a week later
44
aftermath of the conquest of Constantinople
Boniface of Montferrat seizes Thessalonica; the Venetians take Crete and Corfu to set up their trading empire; Villehardouin establishes himself in the Peloponnese peninsula
45
1204, November
Innocent III speaks glowingly of the Crusaders in Constantinople for gaining the submission of the Eastern Orthodox Church, awards full crusading privileges for the defence of the Latin empire
46
1205, 14 April
Battle of Adrianople, a calamitous defeat inflicted by the Christian king of Bulgaria, Kaloyan, after repeated pillaging of Bulgarian towns and villages by Latin knights; Emperor Baldwin disappears and Louis of Blois dies; this defeat prompts first of a series of appeals to the West
47
1205, May
Death of Doge Enrico Dandalo in Venice, unreleased from his vow
48
1205, by mid-year
Innocent appalled at the details of the sack of the city, and dismayed that the papal legate in Constantinople had ended any chance of the crusade going on to the Holy Land by releasing the men from their vows for the practical purpose of the defence of the vulnerable Latin Empire

CRUSADES DATES (10 decks)

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