4th Year Urology Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is the commonest cause of an acute scrotum?
Epididymitis
Name 2 causes of epididymitis?
UTI, STI e.g. chlamydia
What is the most important complication of epididymitis?
Infertility
Which infection cause predispose patients to large renal calculi?
Proteus mirabilis
What % of calculi are detected in x-ray KUB?
90%
What size of stone can be managed conservatively?
Up to 5mm
What are the 3 options for management of larger stones?
Open surgery - less common
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy - larger stones and stag horn calculi
Extra-corporeal shock wave lithotripsy - stones >5mm
What is the recommended analgesia for renal colic?
Diclofenac
What are the recommended investigations for renal calculi?
- USS
2. CT KUB - non contrast
What type of scrotal swelling may cause sub fertility?
Varicocele
What is the most common cause of scrotal swellings?
Epidydimal cysts
How to epipidymal cysts appear on examination?
Separate from the body of the testicle
Posteriorly
What are the two types of hydrocele and what causes them?
Communicating - in newborns - patent tunica vaginallis
Non communicating - excessive fluid
How to hydroceles appear on examination?
Soft, non tender, usually anterior, can “get above it”
What is a varicocele?
Enlargement of the testicular vein
What type of Renal calculi are radio Lucent?
Urate and xanthine
What procedure should be performed when a renal stone is causing infection or obstruction/
Percutaneous nephrostomy
What procedure is performed to remove a stag horn calculus?
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
What type of cancer does schistosomiasis increased your risk of?
Squamous cell bladder cancer
What is the Gleason grading system used for?
Prostate cancer
What is the first line drug treatment of BPH?
Alpha blocker - tamsulosin
What type of drug is Finasteride?
5 alpha reductase inhibitor
What type of testicular tumours may have normal AFP and HCG?
Seminomas
What is the most common type of renal stone?
Calcium oxolate
