5

Question 1

Soil

Answer 1

Complex system.
Holds Minerals, air, liquids, organic material.
Habitat for plant and animals.

Question 2

Transfers in the Soil System

Answer 2

Biological mixing
Translocation - movement of particles
Leaching - minerals dissolved in water moving through the soil

Question 3

What does Soil Store

Answer 3

Organic matter
Organisms
Nutrients
Minerals
Air
Water

Question 4

Transformations in the Soil System

Answer 4

Decomposition
Weathering
Nutrient Cycles

Question 5

O-Horizon

Answer 5

Upper layer of newly added organic material.
Decomposers start ti break down organic material.

Question 6

A-Horizon

Answer 6

Humus - partially decomposed organic matter and fine mineral particles.

Water logging slows decompositions, fewer decomposers, leads to a build up of organic material and eventually peat soil.

Question 7

E- Horizon

Answer 7

Depletion of amount of organic matter. Minerals such as iron, clay and aluminium compounds are present.

Question 8

B-Horizon

Answer 8

Soluble minerals depsoited here from the layer above. Clay, iron and slats.

Question 9

C-Horizon

Answer 9

Weathered rock from which the soil forms.

Question 10

R-Horizon

Answer 10

Parent material, bedrock or other.

Question 11

Sandy Soils

Answer 11

Gritty and fall apart easily - high air supply and drainage.

Question 12

Silty Soils

Answer 12

Slippery wet, holds together better than sandy soil. Hold sand and clay particles togehter.

Question 13

Clay Soils

Answer 13

Sticky and rolled into a ball easily, hold together well. Retains water and nutrients.

Question 14

Salinisation

Answer 14

Water evaporates on surface.
Water moves upwards carrying dissolved minerals.
Water evaporates on surface.
Dissolved minerals remain.
Occurs in places where E>P, and irrigated places.

Question 15

Leaching

Answer 15

Water moves down through soil thanks to gravity, bringing dissolved minerals with it. P>E.

Question 16

Subsistence Farming

Answer 16

Provision of food by farmers for themselves, family or community. Human labour is great, technology rarely used. Susceptible to food shortages.

Question 17

Cash Cropping

Answer 17

Growing food to sell.

Question 18

Commercial Farming

Answer 18

Large, profit-making scale, maximising yields per hectare. High technology and energy use. High levels of produciton.

Question 19

Extensive Farming

Answer 19

More land with lower density of planting, lower inputs and outputs.

Question 20

Intensive Farming

Answer 20

Uses more crops in the same area of land/land use is more intensive. high inputs and outputs. Animal feedlots.

Question 21

Pastoral Farming

Answer 21

Raising animals on grass on land that is not suitable for crops.

Question 22

Arable Farming

Answer 22

Growing crops on good land to feed humans or animals.

Question 23

Mixed Farming

Answer 23

Raises animals and crops. Animals to eat and to use dung to fertilise crops and increase soil’s structure. Crops feed animlas and humans.

Question 24

Agribuisness

Answer 24

Business of agricultural production including farming, seed supply, breeding, chemical for agriculture, machinery, food harvesting, distribution, process and storage.

Question 25

Malnutrition

Answer 25

Nutritional intake is bad. lacking - under nourishment Excessive - over nourishment Unbalanced - wrong proportions of micro-nutrients.

Question 26

Causes of Food Imbalance

Answer 26

Ecological - climate, severe weather, soil degradation, declining biodiversity. Economic - lack of food due to more money through exports, or too expensive to grow. Socio-politcal - globalisation - supports imports to MEDCs, lack of monitoring and deploying food relief, disagreements over transboundary issues.

Question 27

Factors influencing Crop/Livestock Choices

Answer 27

Climate - what food can grow where, overcome with technology. Cultural and Religious - Some peoples don't eat certain foods. Food choice varies. Political - tariffs or subsidies on foods. Socio-Economic - Cost of food influences supply and demand.

Question 28

Livestock

Answer 28

Animals raised to turn food not suitable for human consumption into food suitable for human consumption.

Question 29

Crops

Answer 29

Plants are sowed onto arable land. Harvesting removes biomass. Growing crops may degrade the soil, crop rotations can minimise this effect.

Question 30

Efficiency of a Farming System

Answer 30

Energy contained within the crop harvested per unit area of land required. Joules per gram. If it is <1, inputs

Question 31

Extensive Farming

Answer 31

Limited selective breeding. No genetic engineering. Polyculture. Little effect on biodiversity. Little soil erosion.

Question 32

Intensive Farming

Answer 32

Strong selective breeding. Genetically engineered organisms. Monoculture. Reduction in Biodiversity. Strong Soil Erosion.

Question 33

How to Improve Sustainability of Food Production Systems

Answer 33

Maximise Yield - improved technology, alter what we grow (GMF), recycle nutrients and energy on a farm (Green Revolution). Reduce Food Waster - LEDCs: Improve production and storage. MEDCs: Improve consumption rates. Reduce Food processing, Packaging and Transport - Changing Attitudes - eat different, less mea more insects. Monitoring and Control - IGOs, GO, MN and N FC, I, NGOs to reduce unsustainable farming.

Question 34

Overgrazing

Answer 34

Too many animals graze in the same land. Roots can no longer hold together soil. Soil is removed from the land through wind and rain.

Question 35

Overcropping

Answer 35

Depleted soil nutrients, reduces soil fertility. Friable soil, dry and susceptible to wind erosion.

Question 36

Deforestation

Answer 36

Removal of forest allows soil to be more easily eroded by wind and rain, less roots and cover.

Question 37

Urbanisation

Answer 37

Impermeable surface, increasing run-off, may erode other places. Cities encroach on agricultural land.

Question 38

Unsuitable Agricultural Techniques

Answer 38

Total removal of crops after harvest. Growing crops in rows. plowing in the direction of the slope. irrigation, leaching. Monoculutres.

Question 39

Soil Erosion

Answer 39

Sheet wash - large areas of soil washed away by water, landslides. Gullying - channels on hillsides develop allowing soil to be washed away more easily. Wind Erosion - Drier soils, high winds remove surface layer.

Question 40

Desertification

Answer 40

The process of arable land losing productivity, nutrients change, soil loss, and forming a desert.

Question 41

Peat Soil

Answer 41

water logged, oxygen deficient, high acidity, nutrient deficient.

Question 42

Terrestrial VS Aquatic

Answer 42

Terrestrial: Consume lower trophic level. Less efficient. Aquatic: Consume higher trophic level, higher efficiency.