5-8 Study Guide

Question 1

In what part of Europe did Christian humanism develop?

a. the British Isles
b. Southern Europe
c. Northern Europe
d. Eastern Europe

Answer 1

c. Northern Europe

Question 2

What practice of the Catholic Church did Martin Luther protest in the Ninety-five Theses?

a. prayer for souls in purgatory
b. the sale of indulgences
c. the translation of the Bible from Latin to German
d. the doctrine of transubstantiation

Answer 2

b. the sale of indulgences

Question 3

For what reason did Henry VIII reject the authority of the Catholic Church?

a. He did not believe the pope had the power to forgive people’s sins.
b. He was angry that the pope had sided with France in its military conflicts with England.
c. He was angry that the pope would not annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
d. He rejected the Catholic Church’s doctrine of transubstantiation.

Answer 3

c. He was angry that the pope would not annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.

Question 4

Why was the Jesuit order founded?

a. to educate young Catholic men
c. to pray for the souls in purgatory
b. to care for the sick
d. to provide charity for the poor

Answer 4

a. to educate young Catholic men

Question 5

Their adoption of non-European navigational technology in the Age of Exploration allowed Europeans to

a. treat sailors who fell sick on long sea voyages
b. preserve the plant and animal specimens they found in the Americas
c. sail out of sight of the European coast
d. detect and avoid storms at sea

Answer 5

c. sail out of sight of the European coast

Question 6

How did the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans help initiate the Age of Exploration?

a. It made allies of Portugal and Spain, who then became partners in the exploration of the globe.

b. It provided Portuguese and Spanish soldiers with valuable military experience they used in conquering
the Indigenous peoples of the Americas.

c. It freed funds that had been spent fighting the Ottomans for use in outfitting voyages of exploration.

d. It motivated European nations to search for an all-water route to the Indies that bypassed the Muslim
Ottomans

Answer 6

d. It motivated European nations to search for an all-water route to the Indies that bypassed the Muslim
Ottomans

Question 7

Along with the desire to grow rich, what motivated Portugal and Spain to explore new lands?

a. the desire to spread Christianity and counter the influence of Islam
b. the desire to acquire new medicinal plants to treat infectious diseases
c. the desire to find new land to relieve population pressure in Europe
d. the desire to find new food sources to feed Europe’s starving population

Answer 7

a. the desire to spread Christianity and counter the influence of Islam

Question 8

What was a result of the Treaty of Tordesillas?

a. Spain was able to colonize the Philippines.
b. Brazil became a Portuguese colony.
c. The Portuguese were prohibited from trading in Africa
d. Spanish conquistadors could no longer be granted encomiendas.

Answer 8

b. Brazil became a Portuguese colony.

Question 9

How did other European nations respond to the Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal?

a. They ignored the treaty.
b. They requested the pope grant them territory as well.
c. They declared war on Spain and Portugal.
d. They abandoned their efforts to explore and colonize the Americas.

Answer 9

a. They ignored the treaty.

Question 10

Why were animal-borne infectious diseases more deadly for Indigenous peoples in the Americas than for Europeans?

a. The Indigenous peoples led a nomadic lifestyle so they could not rest when they fell ill.
b. A genetic mutation made Indigenous peoples more susceptible to bacterial infections.
c. Indigenous peoples had no experience treating illnesses of any kind.
d. Indigenous peoples had never been exposed to the infectious diseases originating in European
domesticated animals.

Answer 10

d. Indigenous peoples had never been exposed to the infectious diseases originating in European
domesticated animals.

Question 11

Which plant was introduced to the Eastern Hemisphere in the Columbian Exchange?

a. Apples b. maize c. wheat d. rice

Answer 11

b. maize

Question 12

What was a key feature of mercantilist theory?

a. the measuring of a nation’s wealth in gold and silver
b. an emphasis on importing more goods than were exported
c. competition among businesses
d. a focus on free trade rather than tariffs

Answer 12

a. the measuring of a nation’s wealth in gold and silver

Question 13

According to mercantilist theory, what is the main purpose of colonies?

a. to serve as a home for excess population in the home country
b. to offer a haven for religious and political dissidents
c. to increase national prestige
d. to provide natural resources for the home country

Answer 13

d. to provide natural resources for the home country

Question 14

How did mercantilist policies hurt the working class?

a. The desire to extract profits from colonies led to the abuse of working-class settlers.
b. Mercantilism advocated keeping wages low.
c. The building up of surpluses of gold and silver led to inflation.
d. Mercantilist policies often led to wars, which had to be fought by working-class soldiers

Answer 14

b. Mercantilism advocated keeping wages low.

Question 15

What item exchanged in Africa as part of the triangular trade was made using a by-product of the labor of
enslaved people?

a. Cloth b. guns c. rum d. coffee

Answer 15

c. rum

Question 16

What is chattel slavery?

a. a form of slavery that results from indebtedness

b. a form of slavery in which enslaved people are treated as pieces of property

c. a form of slavery in which children do not inherit the status of enslaved parents

d. a form of slavery in which those enslaved are captured as a result of armed conflict

Answer 16

b. a form of slavery in which enslaved people are treated as pieces of property

Question 17

Which crop were most enslaved laborers in the Americas used to grow?

a. Sugar b. wheat c. tobacco d. rice

Answer 17

a. Sugar

Question 18

How did the slave trade affect the growth of African manufacturing?

a. African manufacturing suffered because so many people were taken in the slave trade that there were not enough laborers left.

b. The availability of large numbers of enslaved workers kept production costs low for African
manufacturers.

c. The need to produce weapons to fight back against European slave traders spurred the development
of the firearms industry in Africa.

d. The exchange of European textiles for enslaved people harmed African cloth producers, who could not compete on quantity or price.

Answer 18

d. The exchange of European textiles for enslaved people harmed African cloth producers, who could not compete on quantity or price.

Question 19

How did Martin Luther’s teachings regarding salvation differ from those of the Roman Catholic Church?

Answer 19

Martin Luther argued that salvation is granted by faith alone in God’s grace, not by human efforts or good works. In contrast, the Roman Catholic Church taught that salvation required a combination of faith, good works, and participation in the sacraments. Luther’s rejection of this idea was a central tenet of the Protestant Reformation.

Question 20

How did Muslim and Chinese inventions help Europeans explore the Atlantic Ocean in the fifteenth and
sixteenth centuries?

Answer 20

Muslim and Chinese inventions, like the astrolabe and magnetic compass, helped Europeans explore the Atlantic by improving navigation and direction at sea. Chinese innovations in shipbuilding, such as the sternpost rudder, also made European ships more maneuverable for long voyages

Question 21

What motivated ordinary Spanish people to embark on voyages of exploration?

Answer 21

Ordinary Spanish people were motivated to embark on voyages of exploration by the promise of wealth, land, and social advancement. Many sought opportunities for economic gain through gold and new trade routes, while others were driven by religious zeal to spread Christianity or escape hardships at home. The potential for fame and adventure also inspired many to join expeditions.

Question 22

What was the Columbian Exchange?

Answer 22

The Columbian Exchange refers to the large-scale transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Americas and the rest of the world following Christopher Columbus’s voyages. It introduced new crops like potatoes, tomatoes, and maize to Europe, while horses, cattle, wheat, and smallpox were brought to the Americas, dramatically altering societies on both sides.

Question 23

Briefly describe the three legs of the triangular trade.

Answer 23

• Europe to Africa: European goods like guns, textiles, and rum were traded for enslaved Africans.
• Africa to the Americas (Middle Passage): Enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic and sold in the Americas.
• Americas to Europe: Raw materials like sugar, tobacco, and cotton were shipped from the Americas to Europe, completing the cycle.

Question 24

What were some differences between African slavery and slavery in the Americas?

Answer 24

• Nature of slavery: In Africa, slavery often involved prisoners of war or debt bondage and was typically not lifelong or hereditary. Enslaved people could sometimes gain freedom or integrate into the society.

= Chattel slavery: In the Americas, slavery was based on race and became chattel slavery, meaning enslaved people were treated as property, with little chance for freedom, and their children were born into slavery.

• Scale: Slavery in the Americas was much more large-scale and brutal, with a focus on labor-intensive plantations.

Question 25

How did mercantilism contribute to the rise in slavery in the Americas?

Answer 25

Mercantilism contributed to the rise of slavery in the Americas by driving the demand for cheap labor to maximize profits. European nations sought to extract wealth from their colonies by producing cash crops like sugar, tobacco, and cotton, which required a large, stable workforce. To meet this demand, enslaved Africans were imported in massive numbers, as they provided a more cost-effective labor source for plantation owners, helping European countries maintain a favorable balance of trade under mercantilist policies.

Question 26

How were the initial English settlements primarily funded? a. by grants from the royal treasury b. through joint stock companies c. with gifts from King Henry V d. through taxes collected by the Diocese of Canterbury

Answer 26

b. through joint stock companies

Question 27

After their initial founding, how did colonies in the Americas typically relate to their home countries? a. Colonies relied on their home countries for supplies and economic support. b. Colonies became totally independent. c. Colonies joined rival empires. d. Colonies ignored their home countries.

Answer 27

a. Colonies relied on their home countries for supplies and economic support.

Question 28

Why is the city once known as New Amsterdam now known as New York? a. Residents of the city voted to rename it in honor of the Duke of York. b. City leaders changed the name after the Earl of York invested in the city. c. The Catholic Church modified the name on maps in honor of Saint York. d. The English renamed the city after they captured it from the Dutch

Answer 28

d. The English renamed the city after they captured it from the Dutch

Question 29

What explains the relatively harmonious relationship between French colonists and the Indigenous peoples of Canada? a. The French could not afford to anger Indigenous peoples who assisted them in acquiring furs. b. The French found the Indigenous people of Canada eager to convert to Christianity. c. The French had little contact with Indigenous peoples and remained within their own settlements. d. Most of the Indigenous peoples of Canada died as a result of smallpox, so they were easily dominated by the French

Answer 29

a. The French could not afford to anger Indigenous peoples who assisted them in acquiring furs.

Question 30

What was a major cause of the Seven Years’ War? a. the destruction of the British Raj b. the regulation of opium in China c. the death of Louis XV of France d. growing rivalries between European powers

Answer 30

d. growing rivalries between European powers

Question 31

What was the primary reason for the creation of the British Raj? a. the failure of the British East India Company to prevent unrest in India b. the rise of revolutionary movements in China c. the need for increasing tax revenues to support British colonization in Africa d. the downfall of the British monarchy

Answer 31

a. the failure of the British East India Company to prevent unrest in India

Question 32

What was the system by which the Qing dynasty controlled trade? a. the Raj system b. the Ndongo system c. the Canton system d. the treaty system

Answer 32

c. the Canton system

Question 33

What was a result of the Qing dynasty’s trade policies? a. China temporarily enjoyed a favorable balance of trade. b. The British were forced to focus on their colonies in North America. c. China was able to dominate Japan politically and militarily. d. The French suffered defeat in the Seven Years’ War.

Answer 33

a. China temporarily enjoyed a favorable balance of trade.

Question 34

African resistance to European colonization was often a response to which line of trade? a. the opium trade b. the slave trade c. the textile trade d. the aluminum trade

Answer 34

b. the slave trade

Question 35

What was King Philip’s War? a. a French rebellion against Spanish colonization b. a Chinese trade war against Italian mercantilism c. a Native American uprising against English colonization d. a Muslim religious war against Dutch missionaries

Answer 35

c. a Native American uprising against English colonization

Question 36

What is one difference between mercantilism and capitalism? a. Mercantilism typically supports greater governmental regulation than capitalism. b. Mercantilism typically supports lower taxes than capitalism. c. Mercantilism typically supports more labor rights than capitalism. d. Mercantilism typically supports freer trade than capitalism.

Answer 36

a. Mercantilism typically supports greater governmental regulation than capitalism.

Question 37

Which concept might be demonstrated by a chef who opens a new restaurant in hopes of getting rich and in the process benefits the community by hiring workers and serving food to neighbors? a. the rebellion of the proletariat b. the invisible hand c. the growth of industrialization d. the death of mercantilism

Answer 37

b. the invisible hand

Question 38

. Adam Smith’s ideas are rooted in the belief that most people are ________. a. Wealthy b. industrialists c. rational d. religious

Answer 38

c. rational

Question 39

What is the manufacturing of goods at home that characterized the early years of the Industrial Revolution called? a. Mercantilism b. capitalism c. laissez-faire d. cottage industry

Answer 39

d. cottage industry

Question 40

What caused conflict between Queen Nzinga and the Portuguese?

Answer 40

Conflict between Queen Nzinga and the Portuguese arose due to their attempts to dominate the Ndongo and Matamba kingdoms (in present-day Angola) for control of trade routes and the expansion of the Atlantic slave trade. Nzinga resisted Portuguese colonization efforts, their demands for tribute, and their involvement in enslaving her people. Her opposition to Portuguese encroachment on her territory and their exploitation of African resources led to a prolonged struggle between them.

Question 41

Why did the government of the Qing dynasty wish to prevent the British from selling opium in China?

Answer 41

The Qing dynasty government wanted to prevent the British from selling opium in China because the drug was causing widespread addiction, which led to serious social and economic problems. Opium addiction weakened the Chinese population, drained silver reserves used to pay for the drug, and disrupted local economies. The Qing government saw the opium trade as a threat to China's stability and sovereignty, prompting efforts to ban its sale and use, leading to conflict with Britain in the Opium Wars

Question 42

According to Adam Smith, how did the invisible hand of the marketplace work?

Answer 42

According to Adam Smith, the "invisible hand" of the marketplace refers to the self-regulating nature of a free market. Individuals, by pursuing their own self-interest and seeking profit, inadvertently contribute to the overall economic well-being of society. As people produce goods or services to meet demand, competition drives efficiency, innovation, and lower prices, benefiting everyone without the need for direct government intervention. This natural mechanism guides resources to their most productive uses, balancing supply and demand.

Question 43

What are some ways in which mechanization changed traditional ways of producing goods?

Answer 43

Mechanization transformed traditional production by increasing efficiency, allowing machines to produce goods faster and more consistently. It reduced labor costs by requiring fewer workers, while also ensuring the standardization of mass-produced goods. This led to specialization, where workers focused on specific tasks, boosting productivity. Additionally, mechanization spurred the expansion of industries like textiles and manufacturing, caused a shift from rural to urban living as people sought factory jobs, and enabled higher production capacities to meet growing consumer demand

Question 44

What is the form of reasoning that begins with a general theory and arrives at a specific conclusion after observing a body of information? a. deductive reasoning b. inductive reasoning c. empirical reasoning d. conjectural reasoning

Answer 44

a. deductive reasoning

Question 45

What premise is the concept of natural rights based on? a. Rights and freedoms are temporary and can be revoked for any reason by political leaders. b. Rights come into existence only with the creation of human-made laws that derive from a monarch’s authority. c. People have fundamental rights that cannot be revoked by human-made laws or political leaders. d. Animals living in a state of nature should be granted the same rights and freedoms as their human counterparts.

Answer 45

c. People have fundamental rights that cannot be revoked by human-made laws or political leaders.

Question 46

Which philosopher argued that all people are born free in a state of nature, and the government should exist only by their consent? a. Thomas Hobbes b. John Locke c. Jeremy Bentham d. Edmund Burke

Answer 46

b. John Locke

Question 47

The belief that individuals must accept certain moral and political obligations as members of society is part of which philosophical concept? a. the social contract b. the general will c. natural law d. the Zoroastrian tradition

Answer 47

a. the social contract

Question 48

Which of the following was not true of European coffeehouses in the eighteenth century? a. They served as important outlets for news and information. b. They enabled people from a variety of social backgrounds to acquire an informal education. c. They were centers of royal power and tightly controlled by monarchs. d. They had their origins in the cities of the Islamic world.

Answer 48

c. They were centers of royal power and tightly controlled by monarchs.

Question 49

Elite women typically hosted which influential settings for the exchange of Enlightenment ideas? a. the salons b. the coffeehouses c. the academies d. the royal societies

Answer 49

a. the salons

Question 50

The Republic of Letters refers to which sphere of information exchange? a. a long-distance community of writers who corresponded with each other across Europe and the Atlantic b. the urban areas of western Europe that housed the printshops of the Enlightenment c. the debates that occurred in the coffee shops of eighteenth-century France d. the royal libraries of the English monarch

Answer 50

a. a long-distance community of writers who corresponded with each other across Europe and the Atlantic

Question 51

What obstacle or obstacles made it difficult for those at the lower end of the socioeconomic ladder to actively participate in the print culture of the Enlightenment? a. lack of interest b. low levels of literacy and a lack of leisure time c. a widespread shortage of books and other printed materials d. royal edicts restricting the practice of reading to all but a small aristocratic elite

Answer 51

b. low levels of literacy and a lack of leisure time

Question 52

What was a principal cause of the American Revolution? a. desire to abolish slavery b. growing support for the enfranchisement of women c. British efforts to consolidate control over its colonies d. refusal of colonists to expand westward beyond Appalachia

Answer 52

c. British efforts to consolidate control over its colonies

Question 53

What was a cause of the French Revolution? a. an economic crisis b. decolonization c. the threat of Spanish invasion d. the acquisition of equal rights for women

Answer 53

a. an economic crisis

Question 54

What was a similarity among the American, French, and Haitian revolutions? a. the vision of natural rights b. the pursuit of racial equality c. the support of the Catholic Church d. the pursuit of liberty from tyrannical governments

Answer 54

d. the pursuit of liberty from tyrannical governments

Question 55

What was a key difference between the Haitian Revolution and those in British North America and France? a. The Haitian Revolution directly addressed racial inequality. b. Haiti did not issue a written constitution. c. The Haitian Revolution was fought by foreign mercenaries. d. Only Haiti experienced violent battles during its revolution

Answer 55

a. The Haitian Revolution directly addressed racial inequality.

Question 56

What was one of the main causes of the Haitian Revolution? a. the criminalization of Catholicism b. the desire of poor Whites to abolish slavery c. slave rebellion against White planters d. an outbreak of smallpox

Answer 56

c. slave rebellion against White planters

Question 57

What was a goal of the Congress of Vienna? a. to support Italian unification b. to develop policies of free-market capitalism c. to restore the legitimacy of European monarchs d. to expand rights and liberties throughout Europe

Answer 57

c. to restore the legitimacy of European monarchs

Question 58

What were the four powers of the Quadruple Alliance? a. Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria b. Italy, France, Spain, and Poland c. Britain, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales d. Russia, Poland, Lithuania, and Sweden

Answer 58

a. Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria

Question 59

What was Metternich’s goal in attempting to restore traditional monarchs? a. encourage a new wave of revolutions b. enable Austria to become the most powerful nation in Europe c. expand the scope of natural rights d. restore the balance of power in Europe

Answer 59

d. restore the balance of power in Europe

Question 60

The unification of Italy occurred under which political system? a. monarchy b. republic c. dictatorship d. theocracy

Answer 60

a. monarchy

Question 61

To what does the “invisible hand” refer? a. Napoléon’s approach to leadership b. unseen forces that regulate the market and economy c. increased government intervention intended to promote general welfare d. the legacy of Italian unification

Answer 61

b. unseen forces that regulate the market and economy

Question 62

How did the principles of the Scientific Revolution influence the Enlightenment?

Answer 62

The principles of the Scientific Revolution significantly influenced the Enlightenment by promoting reason, empirical evidence, and skepticism of traditional authority. Thinkers of the Enlightenment applied scientific methods to philosophy and social sciences, emphasizing rational thought and critical inquiry. This shift encouraged the belief in progress and the potential for human improvement, leading to ideas about individual rights, democracy, and secularism.

Question 63

What did the concept of natural rights mean to John Locke?

Answer 63

For John Locke, natural rights referred to inherent rights that every individual possesses, specifically life, liberty, and property. He believed these rights are inalienable and must be protected by governments. If a government fails to safeguard these rights, citizens have the right to revolt. Locke's ideas on natural rights significantly influenced modern democratic thought and political theory, including the American Declaration of Independence

Question 64

What was the general will, according to Rousseau, and what role did he believe it should play in government?

Answer 64

According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the general will represents the collective interest of the people, reflecting their common good and aspirations. Rousseau believed that the general will should guide government actions and decisions, ensuring that laws and policies serve the interests of the entire community rather than individual factions.

Question 65

What was the relationship between social contract theory and natural rights?

Answer 65

Social contract theory and natural rights are interconnected concepts in political philosophy. Natural rights are the inherent rights individuals possess, such as life, liberty, and property, existing independently of government. Social contract theory suggests that individuals agree to form a society and establish a government to protect these natural rights. In this framework, people consent to limit some freedoms for the protection of their rights; if the government fails to uphold them, citizens can withdraw their consent and seek a new arrangement.

Question 66

What role did coffeehouses play in the exchange of Enlightenment ideas?

Answer 66

Coffeehouses played a crucial role in the exchange of Enlightenment ideas by serving as social hubs where people gathered to discuss and debate various topics, including politics, philosophy, and science. These establishments provided a space for intellectuals, writers, and everyday citizens to engage in conversations that challenged traditional norms and authority.

Question 67

To whom were the principles of natural rights actually extended as a result of the American Revolution, and who was omitted from the extension of such rights?

Answer 67

The principles of natural rights were primarily extended to white male property owners as a result of the American Revolution. These individuals gained formal recognition of rights such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, which were foundational to the new government. However, significant groups were omitted from the extension of these rights, including: -Women, who were largely excluded from political rights and social equality. -Enslaved individuals, who continued to be denied freedom and rights despite the revolutionary rhetoric of liberty. -Indigenous peoples, who faced dispossession and violence, with their rights largely ignored in favor of westward expansion.

Question 68

What was Saint-Domingue’s relationship with France prior to the Haitian Revolution?

Answer 68

Before the Haitian Revolution, Saint-Domingue was a wealthy French colony, known for its sugar and coffee plantations that relied heavily on enslaved African labor. The colony was economically vital to France but faced significant social unrest due to the harsh conditions endured by enslaved people. Enlightenment ideas of liberty and equality began to spread, inspiring both free people of color and enslaved individuals to seek rights and freedom, ultimately setting the stage for the revolution against colonial rule.

Question 69

What were peninsulares? a. White people born in America of mixed European and Indigenous descent b. White Europeans born in the Iberian Peninsula who lived in the Spanish American colonies c. White people of Spanish descent born in the Americas and living in the Yucatán Peninsula d. White European colonists who were born and lived in the Americas

Answer 69

b. White Europeans born in the Iberian Peninsula who lived in the Spanish American colonies

Question 70

What were creoles? a. people born in the Americas of mixed European and native descent b. White Europeans born in the Iberian Peninsula who lived in the Spanish American colonies c. people born in the Americas of mixed European and African descent d. White European colonists who were born and lived in the Americas

Answer 70

d. White European colonists who were born and lived in the Americas

Question 71

During the Bourbon Era, why did the creole elite adopt Enlightenment ideas? a. those ideas helped them to effectively govern their colonies b. those ideas justified their desire for more social and political authority c. those ideas drew them closer to their English neighbors in British America d. those ideas drew them closer to the Spanish nobility

Answer 71

b. those ideas justified their desire for more social and political authority

Question 72

To what did the term casta in Spanish America refer? a. a social hierarchy encoded in law and based on what were thought to be inherited characteristics b. a nativist label for people of African descent, used during the wars of independence c. the lowest social layer, linked to a person’s economic status d. people of Indigenous descent who lived in the rural areas

Answer 72

a. a social hierarchy encoded in law and based on what were thought to be inherited characteristics

Question 73

Under the intendancy system, what did the Bourbon kings in Spain do? a. tried to stimulate trade and economic development in the Spanish colonies' b. abolished old taxes in Spanish America and welcomed the help of the Catholic Church c. dismantled their fortifications in port cities such as Veracruz, in New Spain d. decreased the number of peninsular bureaucrats in the colonial administration

Answer 73

a. tried to stimulate trade and economic development in the Spanish colonies'

Question 74

What measure taken by radical French revolutionaries provoked insurrections in the Americas? a. the establishment of national armies b. the granting of political equality to all people c. the ending of slavery in all French territory d. the declaration of universal male suffrage

Answer 74

c. the ending of slavery in all French territory

Question 75

What country was founded after a successful revolt by enslaved people? a. Brazilian b. Mexican c. Haitian d. Argentine

Answer 75

c. Haitian

Question 76

What was one characteristic of the Hidalgo revolt in Mexico? a. the strong support of conservative creole leaders b. Hidalgo’s immediate proclamation of independence c. the large-scale participation of the Indigenous and mixed-race labor force d. the support of the church hierarchy

Answer 76

c. the large-scale participation of the Indigenous and mixed-race labor force

Question 77

What socioeconomic group was stronger at the end of Mexico’s struggles for independence? a. wealthy merchants b. the church hierarchy c. mine owners d. wealthy landowners

Answer 77

d. wealthy landowners

Question 78

What did Latin American liberals/patriots usually favor? a. radical land reform b. increased participation in government c. protection of Indigenous communal landholdings d. special privileges for the church

Answer 78

b. increased participation in government

Question 79

he South American wars of independence _____. a. received no significant foreign assistance b. did not rely on the support of the majority of the population c. were not led by military leaders d. were not a civil war between patriots and royalists

Answer 79

a. received no significant foreign assistance

Question 80

What was the most important action taken by the Congress of Cúcuta? a. the writing of a liberal constitution for a new republican nation, Gran Colombia b. the imposition of new taxes c. the abolition of slavery d. the suppression of male convents

Answer 80

a. the writing of a liberal constitution for a new republican nation, Gran Colombia

Question 81

What did Simón Bolívar’s political program for Gran Colombia envision? a. a monarchy to be ruled by a European king b. a republican system based on universal suffrage c. a republican system with suffrage restricted to the propertied elite d. an authoritarian form of government based on his own dictatorship

Answer 81

c. a republican system with suffrage restricted to the propertied elite

Question 82

What was the most critical issue discussed at the Guayaquil Conference? a. whether Guayaquil should belong to Peru or Gran Colombia b. whether independent Spanish America should be monarchical or republican c. whether Bolívar or San Martín should have the glory of completing the struggle for independence d. how to defeat the Spanish forces in Peru

Answer 82

c. whether Bolívar or San Martín should have the glory of completing the struggle for independence

Question 83

What did the relocation of the Portuguese monarchy to Brazil do? a. ended Brazil's colonial status and made it a kingdom on equal footing with Portugal b. resulted in Brazil’s independence from Spanish rule c. led to war between Portugal and Great Britain d. led to the abolition of slavery in Brazil

Answer 83

a. ended Brazil's colonial status and made it a kingdom on equal footing with Portugal

Question 84

What was the event that precipitated the declaration of Brazil's independence? a. French invasion of Portugal in 1807 b. Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of Strangford of 1810 c. arrival of the Portuguese court in Rio de Janeiro in 1808 d. refusal of Pedro I to obey the Portuguese Cortes’s order to return to Portugal in 1822

Answer 84

d. refusal of Pedro I to obey the Portuguese Cortes’s order to return to Portugal in 1822

Question 85

How did Brazil differ from the former Spanish colonies after achieving its independence? a. Brazil abolished slavery soon after achieving independence. b. Brazil was reduced to colonial status only a few years after becoming independent. c. Brazil was governed by a monarch even after it became independent. d. Brazil gave women the right to vote when it became independent.

Answer 85

c. Brazil was governed by a monarch even after it became independent.

Question 86

Why was Great Britain one of the first countries to recognize Brazil’s independence?

Answer 86

Great Britain was one of the first countries to recognize Brazil’s independence due to a combination of economic, strategic, and geopolitical interests. The British had significant trade interests in Brazil, particularly in sugar and coffee, and recognizing Brazil's independence allowed for the establishment of stable trade relations. Additionally, by supporting Brazil's independence, Great Britain aimed to weaken Portuguese influence in South America while expanding its own presence in the region