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Biology GCSE > 5- Homeostasis and response > Flashcards

5- Homeostasis and response Flashcards

1
Q

What stimulus is the eye receptor sensitive to?

A

Light

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2
Q

What stimulus is the ear receptor sensitive to?

A

Sound / balance

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3
Q

What stimulus is the tongue / nose receptor sensitive to?

A

Chemicals

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4
Q

What stimulus is the skin receptor sensitive to?

A

pressure / temperature

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5
Q

What stimulus is the brain receptor sensitive to?

A

Blood temperature, concentration of water in the blood

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6
Q

What stimulus is the pancreas receptor sensitive to?

A

Concentration of glucose

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7
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in the internal or external environment of a cell

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8
Q

What is a receptor?

A

Cells which detect a stimulus and convert it into an electrical impulse

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9
Q

What is a coordinator?

A

Something that processes the information and coordinates the effectors

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10
Q

What is an effector?

A

A muscle or gland that brings about a response

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11
Q

What does a response do?

A

Restores optimum levels

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12
Q

What is the sequence for a nervous system?

A

Stimulus -> Receptor -> Coordinator -> Effector -> Response

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13
Q

What is a neurone?

A

Nerve cells

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14
Q

What do neurones do?

A

Carry electrical impulses:
- from receptors to the CNS
- from the CNS to effectors

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of neurones?

A

Sensory
Relay
Motor

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16
Q

Function of sensory neurones

A

Send information from the receptor to the spinal cord and brain (CNS)

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17
Q

Function of relay neurones

A

Send information between sensory and motor neurone

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18
Q

Function of motor neurones

A

Send information AWAY from CNS to muscles or glands

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19
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Reflexes are automatic and are faster than conscious though, as the coordination happens in the spinal cord. The purpose of this is to protect us from damage/harm. After the reflex, the brain detects what has happened

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20
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A gap between 2 neurones

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21
Q

What does the medulla do?

A

Control unconscious activities (e.g. heart rate, breathing, movements in the gut (peristalis))

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22
Q

What is the pituitary gland also known as?

A

The master gland

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23
Q

Which region in the brain is the largest?

A

Cerebral cortex

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24
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do?

A

memory, conscious thought, language and intelligence

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25
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Coordinates muscular activity and balance

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26
Q

Why is it difficult to investigate the brain? (4)

A
  • protected by the skull
  • complex with different regions + functions
  • billions of neurones + their synapses
  • tissue is delicate + could cause brain damage
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27
Q

Why is it difficult to treat brain damage? (4)

A
  • It’s very difficult for drugs to get to the neurones in the brain
  • This is because there is a barrier between the blood vessels and the brain called the blood-brain barrier
  • It’s also challenging to do surgery as we son’t understand what different parts of the brain do - billions of neurones
  • Brain disorders are difficult to treat because drugs cannot cross blood-brain barrier
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28
Q

Function of the sclera

A

Tough and strong. Prevents damage to eyeball

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29
Q

Function of the cornea

A

Transparent area of sclera. Refracts light

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30
Q

Function of the iris

A

Made of radial and circular muscles. Controls size of pupil

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31
Q

Function of the pupil

A

A space that allows light through

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32
Q

Function of the lens

A

A clear disk that can change shape, fine tuning the focussing of light rays

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33
Q

Function of the suspensory ligament

A

Holds the lens in place

34
Q

Function of the ciliary muscle

A

Attaches to the suspensory ligaments and contracts and relaxes changing the shape of the lens

35
Q

Function of the retina

A

An area at the back of the eye which is filled with light sensitive cells

36
Q

Function of the optical nerve

A

A bundle of sensory neurones which send impulses to the brain

37
Q

Function of blind spot

A

The point where the optic nerve leaves the eye. There is no retina in this area

38
Q

What does the circular muscle do in bright light?

A

Contract

39
Q

What does the radial muscles do in bright light?

A

Relax

40
Q

How does the pupil change with bright light?

A

It constricts

41
Q

What does the circular muscle do in dim light?

A

Relax

42
Q

What does the radial muscle do in dim light?

A

Contract

43
Q

What does the pupil do in dim light?

A

Dilate

44
Q

Nervous pathway for bright light

A

Stimulus: Bright light
Receptor: Retina
Coordinator: Optic nerve -> brain
Effector: Circular muscles contract
Respons: Constricted pupil

45
Q

Definition of accomodation

A

Ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments work to change the shape of the lens to focus light onto the retina.

46
Q

What happens to light going in in bright light?

A

Reduced to protect retina

47
Q

What happens to light going in in dim light?

A

More to allow vision at low light intensity

48
Q

What happens to the ciliary muscle when looking at something far away?

A

Relax

49
Q

What happens to the ciliary muscle when looking at something near?

A

Contract

50
Q

Suspensory ligament when looking at something far away

A

Tight

51
Q

Suspensory ligament when looking at something near

A

Loose

52
Q

Lens when looking at something far away

A

Less convex / thinner

53
Q

Lens when looking at something near

A

More convex / thicker

54
Q

Light refraction when looking at something far away

A

Less

55
Q

Light refraction when looking at something near

A

More

56
Q

Why does reaching make your eyes ache?

A

Ciliary muscles contract to focus on near words

57
Q

What is myopia also known as?

A

Short sighted

58
Q

What is hyperopia also known as?

A

Long sighted

59
Q

If you have myopia, where does the focus fall?

A

In front of the retina

60
Q

If you have hyperopia, where does the focus fall?

A

Behind retina

61
Q

If you have myopia, which objects are in focus?

A

Near

62
Q

If you have hyperopia, which objects are in focus?

A

Far

63
Q

If you have myopia, what type of corrective lenses are needed?

A

Concave

64
Q

If you have hyperopia, what type of corrective lenses are needed?

A

Convex

65
Q

Myopia light refracton

A

Out

66
Q

Hyperopia light refraction

A

In

67
Q

If you have myopia, where will the focus be moved to if you get glasses?

A

Back onto retina

68
Q

If you have hyperopia, where will the focus be moved to if you get glasses?

A

Forwards onto retina

69
Q

what is the function of the cornea?

A

Refracts light

70
Q

What part of the eye detects light?

A

Retina

71
Q

what happens to lens to focus light from near objects?

A

It becomes more convex

72
Q

what happens to the ciliary muscles to slacken the suspensory ligaments?

A

They contract

73
Q

If a lens gets thicker, does light bend more or less?

A

More

74
Q

what happens to the lens to focus light from distant objects?

A

Less convex

75
Q

What happens to the ciliary muscles so the suspensory ligaments tighten?

A

They relax

76
Q

If a lens gets thinner, does light bend more or less?

A

Less

77
Q

Alternative vision correction treatments: Contact lenses

A

Lenses placed on the surface of the eye, can’t see them. Removed over night in sterile solution

78
Q

What are the two types of contact lenses?

A

Hard and soft

79
Q

Hard contact lenses

A

last a long time, ridged, remove every night

80
Q

Soft contact lenses

A

more flexible, can be worn for 30days or some disposable after a day

81
Q

Alternative vision correction treatments: Laser eye surgery

A

Lasers are used to reduce the thickness or increase the curve of the cornea to help focus light on the retina. Only available once eyes have stopped growing and vision stable

82
Q

Alternative vision correction treatments: Replacement lenses

A

Permanent contact lens implanted into eye in front of or in place of the natural lens. Risks include damage to retina, cataracts and infections if original lens remains in place

Biology GCSE (10 decks)

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