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Biology GCSE > Misc > Flashcards

Misc Flashcards

1
Q

Which blood vessel allows for the exchange of food and oxygen?

A

Capillaries

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2
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

Chloroplasts in the leaves of a plant

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3
Q

What is the name of the green pigment in the leaves?

A

Chlorophyll

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4
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

Endothermic

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5
Q

What type of energy is used in photosynthesis?

A

light energy

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6
Q

Give the word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

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7
Q

Give the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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8
Q

Define the term limiting factor

A

anything that limits the rate of a reaction when it is in short supply

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9
Q

Give the limiting factors of photosynthesis

A
  • temperature
  • carbon dioxide concentration
  • light intensity
  • amount of chlorophyll
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10
Q

Describe how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis.

A

increasing light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis until another factor becomes limiting

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11
Q

Describe how carbon dioxide concentration affects the rate of photosynthesis

A

increasing carbon dioxide concentration increases the rate of photosynthesis until another factor becomes limiting

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12
Q

Describe how temperature affects the rate of photosynthesis

A

increasing temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis as the reaction rate increases- at high temperatures enzymes are denatured so the rate of photosynthesis quickly decreases

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13
Q

Give the equation for the inverse square law for light intensity

A

light intensity ∝ 1
————
distance2

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14
Q

Why are limiting factors important in the economics of growing plants in greenhouses?

A

greenhouses need to produce the maximum rate of photosynthesis whilst making profit

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15
Q

How do plants use the glucose produced in photosynthesis?

A
  • Respiration
  • Convert it into insoluble starch for storage
  • produced fat or oil for storage
  • produce cellulose to strengthen cell walls
  • produce amino acids for protein synthesis
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16
Q

Why is a leaf an organ?

A

there are many tissues inside the leaf that work together to perform photosynthesis

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17
Q

How is the upper epidermis adapted for its function?

A
  • single layer of transparent cells allow light to pass through
  • cells secrete a waxy substance that makes leaves waterproof
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18
Q

How is the palisade mesophyll adapted for its function?

A

tightly packed cells with lots of chloroplasts to absorb as much light as possible for photosynthesis

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19
Q

How is the spongy mesophyll adapted for its function?

A

air spaces increase the surface area and allow gases to diffuse quickly

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20
Q

What is the function of the guard cells?

A

control the opening and closing of the stomata

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21
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A

transport water and mineral ions from the roots to the rest of the plant

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22
Q

Give three adaptations of the xylem

A
  • made of dead cells
  • no end wall between cells
  • walls strengthened by a chemical called lignin to withstand the pressure of the water
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23
Q

What is the function of the phloem?

A

transport dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant

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24
Q

What is the purpose of translocation?

A

transport dissolved sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant for respiration, growth and storage

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25
Define the term transpiration
movement of water from the roots to the leaves through the xylem
26
What is the purpose of transpiration?
- Provide water to keep cells turgid - provide water to cells for photosynthesis - transport mineral ions to leaves
27
Name four factors that affect the rate of transpiration
temperature, light intensity, humidity, and wind speed
28
What effect does temperature have on the rate of transpiration?
higher temperatures increase the rate of transpiration
29
What effect does humidity have on the rate of transpiration?
higher levels of humidity decrease the rate of transpiration
30
Why does increased light intensity increase the rate of transpiration?
stomata open wider to let more carbon dioxide into the leaf for photosynthesis
31
What is the function of the stomata?
allow diffusion of gases into and out of the plant
32
Where are most stomata found?
underside of leaves
33
What is the advantage to the plant of having a high number of stomata at this location?
reduces the amount of water loss through evaporation
34
How does pollution cause a decrease in biodiversity?
- It kills plants and animals
35
Name the level of organisation which best describes the interaction of living organisms with the non-living parts of their environment
- Ecosystem
36
Which term describes the community of living organisms interacting with the abiotic factors of a specific area?
- An ecosystem
37
Which risk factors are associated with an increased rate of non-communicable diseases?
- Lifestyle - Alcohol - Carcinogens - Lack of exercise - Smoking - Diet - Ionising radiation
38
The human body's first line of defence against pathogens is the non-specific defence system. Describe TWO non- specific defence systems of the human body
Any TWO from: - Skin- physical barrier - Nose- hair/mucus trap pathogens - Trachea/ Bronchi (cilia)/Ciliated cells wafting moving pathogens up and out of the airway - Stomach- acidic environment kills pathogens - Tears - Phagocytes
39
Which plant tissue provides a protective layer covering the plant?
Epidermal tissue provides a protective layer covering the plant
40
Function of mitochondria
Site of respiration, which releases energy
41
Definition of ribosomes
Where protein synthesis occurs
42
Definition of active transport
The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to high concentration against the concentration gradient, and so requiring energy
43
Define biodiversity
Biodiversity is the variety of different species of organisms on Earth
44
Give 3 ways in which water pollution can occur
- sewage - Fertilisers - Toxic chemicals
45
Give 3 reasons why deforestation has occurred in tropical areas
- Cattle farming - Rice fields - Using land to grow biofuels
46
Name 4 factors that affect the rate of transpiration
- Temperature - Humidity - Light intensity - Wind movement
47
What does the xylem transport?
The xylem transports water and dissolved mineral ions
48
If ions are in a higher concentration in a root hair cell compared to the soil, by what process do they enter the plant?
Active transport
49
Name 7 abiotic factors
Moisture levels, temperature, pH of soil, light intensity, wind intensity + direction, carbon dioxide levels for plants, oxygen levels for aquatic animals
50
3 factors that affect the rate of decay
temperature, moisture, availability of oxygen
51
4 biotic factors
Number of predators, presence of disease, availability of mates, competition, number of prey
52
1 gas produced by anaerobic decay in a biogas generator
Methane
53
Why does anaerobic respiration release less energy to the environment?
Anaerobic respiration is the incomplete oxidation of glucose
54
What is the term for the transport of sugars and amino acids in the phloem?
Translocation
55
How could you measure the rate of photosynthesis more accurately than counting bubbles?
Use a gas syringe
56
Two uses of peat from a peat bog
Burn as fuel, compost/fertiliser
57
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration down the concentration gradient
58
What is the purpose of a control?
A control makes sure that the results of the experiment are due to the variables changed and nothing else
59
word equation for aerobic respiration in yeast
glucose -> carbon dioxide + alcohol
60
Suggest ONE way how the glucose produced during photosynthesis is used
- converted to starch - converted to cellulose - converted to lipids - used with nitrates to form amino acids - respiration
61
What is the name given to the variety of different species in a particular area?
Biodiversity
62
Explain why a species of plant might require the presence of particular animal in its habitat
The plant may require the animals for pollination or seed dispersal
63
Describe TWO adaptations of the xylem cell
- Dead cells / lose end walls forming a continuous hollow tube - Lignin in cell walls gives strength and support
64
Where does the process of deamination take place?
Liver
65
What substance is produced by deamination?
Ammonia
66
What substances are removed from the body when sweating?
Urea Ions Water
67
Give 2 substances which are not filtered out of the kidney
Protein White blood cells
68
Explain why proteins and white blood cells are not filtered out of the blood
They are too large to be filtered out of the blood by the permeable membrane
69
What substances (and how much) is reabsorbed by the kidney?
Some ions All glucose Some water
70
The water level in the body is controlled by the hormone ADH. Where is ADH released from?
Pituitary gland
71
How does ADH travel to the kidneys?
In the bloodstream
72
On a Hot day Person A is dehydrated and has not had enough water. How will the body respond?
More ADH is released
73
What will happen to the volume and concentration of urine produced by Person A in the scenario above?
It will become more concentrated and of a smaller volume
74
When the kidney fails, one option is to use dialysis as a treatment. What waste substances will move through the partially permeable membrane from the blood into the dialysis fluid?
Urea Excess ions Excess water
75
Give two advantages of treating kidney failure with dialysis rather than a transplant
- readily available - no risk of rejection
76
Which plant hormone is responsible for ripening?
Ethene
77
What is the use of auxin in plant growth and development?
Killing weeds
78
Which plant hormone is responsible for controlling seed dormancy and germination?
Gibberellin
79
What happens to the plant cells on the dark side of the shoot when there is more auxin present?
They grow more/faster & longer
80
What is tropism?
A plant's response to a stimulus
81
Which plant hormone is responsible for promoting flowering?
Ethene
82
What is phototropism?
A plant's response to light
83
Why is auxin important in plant growth and development?
It promotes cell elongation
84
How does auxin affect the growth of the root in gravitropism?
It promotes cell growth in the root
85
What is the effect of auxin on the cells on the top of the root in gravitropism?
They stop growing
86
What is the purpose of thickening the lining of the uterus?
To allow implantation of the embryo
87
On which day is fertilisation most likely to occur?
14
88
Which hormone causes thickening of the lining of the uterus?
Oestrogen
89
Which hormone maintains the uterus lining?
Progesterone
90
Which hormone triggers ovulation?
LH
91
Which hormone(s) is/are released from the pituitary gland?
LH and FSH
92
If fertilisation and therefore pregnancy does occur, which hormone do you think remain high?
LH and Oestrogen
93
What affect does oestrogen have on the other hormones?
stimulate LH inhibit FSH
94
What affect does progesterone have on the other hormones?
Inhibit FSH Inhibit LH
95
Contraception can be used to lower the chance of pregnancy. Explain how the contraceptive pill works.
Contains hormones to stop eggs maturing
96
Contraception can be used to lower the chance of pregnancy. Explain how a diaphragm works.
Barrier to prevent sperm reaching the egg
97
Contraception can be used to lower the chance of pregnancy. Explain how spermicidal cream works.
Kills sperm

Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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