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POM 2: Molecular biology of the cell > 5: Inflammation > Flashcards

5: Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation is

A

non-specific response to cellular injury

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2
Q

Inflammation clears

A

infectious material
toxins
dead or damaged cells

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3
Q

How does inflammation clear dead or damaged cells

A

Remove causative material
Resolve the issue
Repair damaged tissue

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4
Q

Cellular damage releases

A

damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
+cytokines and chemokines

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5
Q

Cellular damage in case of infection releases

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

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6
Q

Process of inflammation

A

DAMAGE - release of inflammatory triggers 1.(DAMPS / PAMPS) + chemokines/cytokines
2VASODILATORS RELEASED - nitric oxide + histamine

VASCULAR CHANGES
1.cause white cells to migrate to site
2.incr. amount of cells that arrive by affecting blood supply to site

clears trigger and resolution

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7
Q

3 Vascular changes of inflammation

A

Vasodilation - incr. blood flow, reduced speed of flow
Permeability - exudate
Loss of fluid from vessels - reduced speed of flow

= increased blood volume traveling through area at slower rate

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8
Q

Four cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Rubour - incr. amount of RBCs = redness
Calor - warm and metabolically active cells = heat
Tumor - fluid build up = swelling
Dolor - swelling presses on nerve endings, histamines and cytokines act on nerve endings
loss of function

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9
Q

Exudate

A

Fluid, proteins and cells that have seeped out of a blood vessel into tissue
- forms a barrier

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10
Q

Process of white cells leaving blood and entering tissue at site of inflammation

A

1) Chemo-attraction -‘glue’ placed to catch white cells
2) Rolling Adhesion - gentle sticking to blood vessel
3) Tight Adhesion - tight sticking to wall
4) Transmigration - goes through wall

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11
Q

Molecules used in white cell entrance to inflamed tissue

A

PECAM1
selectins
PSGL1

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12
Q

Once at site of inflammation, neutrophils have 3 functions

A

Recognise pathogen - receptors: TLR4, CD14
Remove pathogen - phagocytosis (elastase, lysozyme) , Netosis- neutrophils lay extracellular trap
Secrete cytokines - more neutrophils accumulate
(reactive oxygen species - O2 forms free radicals which kill cells,
Antimicrobial peptides secreted - if bacteria or microbe)

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13
Q

Process of resolution

A

Wound repair - macrophages, engulf any apoptotic cells, supress inflammation via anti-inflammatory mediators

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14
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Occurs when stimulus/antigen is still present
continuous tissue destruction
continuous attempts to repair

adaptive immune cells

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15
Q

What arises as a result of chronic inflammation

A

Granulomas
- focal aggregate of immune cells
- form in response to a chronic/persistent inflammatory stimulus
-forms a barrier

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16
Q

3 cell types in chronic inflammation

A

Macrophages
Tcells
Bcells

17
Q

Positives of Macrophages in chronic inflammation

A

Phagocytic
Cytotoxic
Anti-inflammatory
Wound repair (help build collagen matrix/ cause angiogenesis)

18
Q

Negatives of macrophages in chronic inflammation

A

Indiscriminate what they target
Excessive ECM deposition

19
Q

Positives of T cells in chronic inflammation

A

Specific
Guide other immune cells to site
3 types = range of functions

20
Q

Positives of B cells in chronic inflammation

A

Generate specific antibodies
Clear infection
Local action or remote

21
Q

Negatives of B cells in chronic inflammation

A

Can generate self antibodies leading to chronic inflammation

22
Q

Acute inflammation

A

Resolves quickly
Minimal tissue damage
Neutrophils are main inflammatory cell
Mainly innate immunity

23
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Can last for months/years
Scarring and loss of tissue function
Monocytes and macrophages predominate
Adaptive immune cells recruited

24
Q

Outcome of chronic inflammation

A

causes angiogenesis and fibrosis

25
Q

Outcome of acute inflammation

A

pus formation and vasculature may need to be reformed

26
Q

Antigens

A

molecule or molecular structure that can be recognised by an antibody
- any substance which your immune system can mount and antibody or adaptive immune response

27
Q

4 types of antigens

A

Foreign antigen
Self antigen
Immunogen - causes immune response by itself
Hapten - needs to be processed before eliciting immune response

POM 2: Molecular biology of the cell (9 decks)

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