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yr2 EMS > 5. Neoplasia > Flashcards

5. Neoplasia Flashcards

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1
Q

Pharmacokinetics =

A

What the body does to the drug

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2
Q

Pharmacodynamics =

A

What the drug does to the body

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3
Q

If its germline, what does it mean?

A

Its hereditary

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4
Q

Trastuzumab is used for what? What does it bind to?

A

Monocloncal AB Breast cancer => HER2

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5
Q

Vemurafenib can be given in instances where melanomas have what mutation?

A

BRAF mutation

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6
Q

Serum CA125 is a tumour marker in what?

A

Ovarian Cancer

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7
Q

In terms of connection, how are epithelial cells joined together?

A

Joined Tightly

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8
Q

In terms of connect, how are mesenchymal cells joined together?

A

Loosely connected –> Able to migrate

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9
Q

In cancer, what do epithelial cells gain?

A

Gain mesenchymal properties (i.e. able to migrate)

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10
Q

Cadherins are proteins responsible for what?

A

cell - cell adhesion

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11
Q

Integrin are responsible for what?

A

Cell - matrix adhesion

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12
Q

Interstitial Collagenases // Gelatinases // Stromelysins are all types of what?

A

Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP)

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13
Q

What kind of resistance is neoplasms spreading to blood / nerves

A

Least resistant

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14
Q

Is bone resistant to malignant infection?

A

yes

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15
Q

Lymphatics are common routes for ….. to spread via

A

Carcinomas

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16
Q

Haematogenous route is common for … to spread via

A

Sarcomas

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17
Q

What are the common sites for haematogenous spread?

A

Breast // Kidney // Lungs // Prostate // Thyroid

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18
Q

Ovarian Cancer can spread via what type of invasion

A

Transcoleomic

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19
Q

Intracellular tyrosine kinase domains promote what?

A

Cell survival + energy metabolism

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20
Q

What protein is responsible for regulating the G1 –> S phase?

What does it thus inhibit?

A

RB Protein

Inhibits proliferation

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21
Q

How do growth factors affect the RB protein

A

Negative Growth Factors activate the RB protein to stop proliferation

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22
Q

What happens in Cancer cells regarding RB protein

A

RB mutation = Non stop proliferation

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23
Q

Bcl2 + BclXL prevent what

A

apoptosis of cells

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24
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Normal genes that promote cell proliferation

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25
2 examples of proto-oncogenes that have a DOMINANT gene
HER2 RAS
26
p53 // RB Protein // BRCA have what type of gene?
Recessive gene
27
Gatekeepers have what effect on proliferation? What effect do they have on apoptosis
negative effect on proliferation Promote apoptosis
28
Caretakers have what role on genetic stability
Maintain it
29
how many genetic alterations are needed to form a neoplastic cell
3-6
30
Papillomas + adenomas are both types of what?
Benign Epithelial Tumours
31
Adenoma =
Glandular / secretory epithelium benign tumour
32
Papilloma =
Non-secretory / non glandular epithelium benign tumour
33
Methylchloranthrene is a type of what?
Inititator
34
Croton oil is a type of what?
Promotor
35
What do initiators do?
Chemically modify DNA
36
What do promotors do?
Induce proliferation + DNA Replication
37
Inactivation of Tumour suppressor genes occur through what? What enzyme is involved?
Methylation of CpG islands DNA methyltransferase
38
Procarcinogens require what?
Enzymatic activation before reaction with DNA
39
Parthenogenesis =
Egg develops without fertilization ==> No paternal genes
40
What is missing in an ovarian teratoma?
Skeletal muscle // no membranes
41
Androgenesis =
Empty egg with only double paternal material
42
What can form from androgenesis?
Hyatidiform Mole
43
What can form from parthenogenesis ?
Ovarian Teratoma
44
How is genomic imprinting done?
Methylation of CpG islands
45
Deletion of a part of chromosome ..... leads to Angelman syndrome + Prader-Willi Syndrome
Chromosome 15
46
Deletion of paternal part of chromosome 15 leads to what?
Prader-Willi Syndrome | Paternal Willi
47
Deletion of maternal part of chromosome 15 leads to what?
Angelman Syndrome | Happy Mum
48
Deletion of chromosome 15 is found in parents and passed on to kids --> Prader-Willi // Angelman?
No Chromosome 15 deletion = de Novo
49
What is a major growth factor that allows growth of foetus?
IGF-2
50
What happens in Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome?
Overgrowth of baby No controlled IGF-2
51
What happens in Russel-Silver Syndrome?
Lack of growth of baby Too little IGF-2
52
Lyonization occurs in what cells?
Early Blastocyst
53
Huntingtons - What does it affect (3)
Progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting: Movement Mood Cognition
54
What type of inheritance is Huntingtons
Autosomal Dominant
55
How many repeats are needed for Huntingtons to become symptomatic
>40 Repeats
56
is anticipation seen in Huntingtons?
Yes
57
Landscapers =
Control surround stromal environment
58
2 types of HPV causing cancers
16 + 18
59
2 types of HPV non causing cancers
6 + 11
60
Where is the site of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia?
Transformation zone
61
Which cancers have the highest incidence in the UK (4)
Bowel // Lung // Breast // Prostate
62
Which cancers have the highest mortality rate? (5)
Pancreas // Brain // Lung // Oesophagus // Stomach
63
Anaplasia =
Poorly differentiated and highly pleomorphic tumour cells

yr2 EMS (5 decks)

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