5. Oral Communication Flashcards
(23 cards)
INDEX
- Introduction
2.Oral Communication
2.1 Differences between Spoken and Written Language
2.2 Formal Characteristics of Spoken English - Elements of Oral Discourse
- Norms Governing Oral Discourse
4.1 Turn- taking
4.2 The Cooperative Principle - Routines and Formulae
- Oral Communication Strategies
6.1 Planning Strategies
6.2 Syntactic Form Strategies
6.3 Politeness Strategies - Conclusion
- References
Connection with Legal Framework
Introduction: Basic knowledge reflects communicative character of language. CD 217/2022
Conclusion: Specific competences stress importance of oral communication. CD 217/2022
Schiffrin- Discourse
Discourse is language understood in a communication context
Brown & Yule- Discourse
Discourse is concerned with the study of the relationship between language and the contexts in which it is used.
Eggins- Spoken interaction types
According to communicative purpose: Conversations (interpersonally driven) and Encounters (pragmatically driven).
According to structure: casual conversations, discussions, debates and rituals
Differences between Spoken and Written language
Raúl Va Volando Recordando Bonitos Amaneceres
Range
Variation of words, intonation and stress: importance
Variation of pitch and intonation: attitude
Reformulation - feedback
Body language
Accuracy
Formal characteristics of Spoken English
Fafu, el loco de fiar, ve
False starts and topic changes
Functional words> lexical words = grammatical complexity
Ellipsis
Lower lexical density
Deictic use this/that
First person narration
Active > passive
Repetition, redundancy and reformulation
Verb tense shifting
Elements of Discourse
Turn (+adjacency pairs)
Topic
Background Knowledge
Turn-taking
system of conversational management
Turn-taking requirements
Carla olvida todos los detalles pero tiene tortas riquísimas
Chance to speak
One at a time
Transitions
Turn order is not fixed
Length and content not specified in advance
Distribution of turns is not specified in advance
Parties vary
Turn-allocation techniques
Turn-constructional units
Repair mechanisms
Sacks and Schegloff- rules to coordinate talk
1 Addressed
2 Speaks first
3 Current speaker
Grice- Cooperative Principles
Maxim of Quantity: informative
Maxim of Quality: true
Maxim of Relation: relevant
Maxim of Manner: clear
Routines
More or less unvarying procedures used to construct discourse
Formulae
Fixed form of words used as a conventional or ceremonial expression. They can also be considered forms used by speakers to compensate for the indefiniteness of spoken language.
Types of Formulae
Gustar A ToDos Es Prácticamente Imposible
Greetings and Farewells
Attention signals
Tags: retrospective comment clause/ tag question
Discourse markers
Expletives: taboo/ moderated expletives
Polite speech act formulae
Interjections
Greetings and farewells
Are typically reciprocated in a symmetrical exchange. Generally, the briefer, the more informal they are.
Attention signals
They have the main function of attracting addressee’s attention. They are familiar and often impolite in their effect, especially when followed by a directive or in combination with the vocative you.
Tags
They are elements added as an afterthought to a grammatical unit, used as a retrospective qualification.
Retrospective comment clause
Tag Questions
Discourse markers
They are inserts which tend to occur at the beginning of an utterance or turn
Expletives
They are taboo expressions or semi-taboo expressions used as exclamations, especially in reaction to some strongly negative experience.
Taboo: expletives that make reference to the taboo domains of religion, sex or body excretion
Moderated expletives camouflage their taboo origin by various phonetic modifications or substitution.
Polite speech act formulae
These are inserts or formulae used in conventional speech acts such as thanking, apologising, requesting and congratulating. Such formulae frequently elicit a polite reply.
Interjections
They are utterances that have an exclamatory function, expressive of the speaker’s emotion
