Indices

Question 1

31. Text and context

Answer 1

1. Introduction
2. Text and context
   2.1 systemic functional theory of context
   2.2 text
   2.2.1 De Beaugrande and Dressler’s theory of texts
3. Textual clasification
4. Register
5. Conclusion
6. Bibliography

Question 2

32. Narrative Text

Answer 2

1. Introduction
2. Structure of Narrative Texts
3. Elements of Narrative Texts
   3.1 Narrator
   3.2 characters
   3.3 Setting
   3.4 Discourse
4. Characteristics of Narrative Texts
5. Types of Narrative Texts
6. Conclusion
7. Bibliography

Question 3

33. Descriptive Text

Answer 3

1. Introduction
2. Structure of Descriptive Text
3. Characteristics of Descriptive Text
   3.1 Descriptive Operations
   3.2 Organisational characteristics
   3.3 Lexical characteristics
   3.4 Grammatical characteristics
4. Types of Descriptive Text
5. Functions of Descriptive Text
6. Conclusion
7. Bibliography

Question 4

34. Argumentative Text

Answer 4

1. Introduction
2. Argumentative Text
3. Structure of argumentative Text
   3.1 Logical Structure
   3.2 simple and complex structure
4. Elements and characteristics of argumentative Text
5. Pragmatic study of argumentative Texts
6. Types of argumentative Texts
   6.1 According to the medium
   6.2 According to content and conclusion
7. Conclusion
8. Bibliography

Question 5

35. Explanatory Text

Answer 5

1. Introduction
2. Explanatory texts
3. The Structure of Explanatory Texts
4. Characteristics of Explanatory Texts
   4.1 Pragmatic characteristics
   4.2 relations of meaning
   4.3 characteristics of technical explanatory texts
   4.4 characteristics of scientific teatrises
5. Conclusion
6. Bibliography

Question 6

36. Dialogical texts

Answer 6

1. Introduction
2. Dialogical texts
3. Types of dialogical texts
4. The Structure of Dialogical texts
   4.1 turn taking
   4.2 adjacency pairs
   4.3 preference organisation
   4.4 openings, closings and presequences
5. Characteristics of dialogical texts
   5.1 formal characteristics
   5.2 the cooperative principle
6. Conclusion
7. Bibliography

Question 7

3 COMMUNICATION PROCESS. FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE. LANGUAGE IN USE. NEGOTIATION OF MEANING

Answer 7

1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE NOTION OF COMMUNICATION
3. COMMUNICATION PROCESS
   3.1. ELEMENTS OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
   3.2. STAGES IN THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
4. FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE
   4.1. JAKOBSON’S CLASSIFICATION
   4.2. HALLIDAY’S CLASSIFICATION
5. LANGUAGE IN USE
   5.1. SPEECH ACTS AS EXAMPLES OF LAGUAGE IN USE
   5.2. DIMENSIONS OF LANGUAGE USE
6. NEGOTIATION OF MEANING
7. CONCLUSION
8. REFERENCES

Question 8

6 WRITTEN COMMUNICATION. KINDS OF WRITTEN TEXTS, STRUCTURE AND FORMAL ELEMENTS. NORM GOVERNING WRITTEN TEXTS: ROUTINES AND FORMULAE

Answer 8

1. INTRODUCTION
2. LANGUAGE AND COMMMUNICATION
3. DEFINITION OF TEXT
4. GENERAL FEATURES OF WRITTEN TEXTS
5. TYPES OF WRITTEN TEXTS
6. STRUCTURES AND FORMAL ELEMENTS
7. ROUTINES AND FORMULAE
8. CONCLUSION
9. REFERENCES

Question 9

40 COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES. DEFINITION AND TYPOLOGY

Answer 9

1. INTRODUCTION
2. COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE
   2.1. CHOMSKY AND HYMES
   2.2. HALLIDAY
   2.3. CANALE AND SWAIN
3. COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES: DEFINITION
4. TYPOLOGIES OF COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
   4.1. TARONE’S TYPOLOGY
   4.2. FAERCH AND KASPER’S STRATEGIES
   4.3. VARADI’S STRATEGIES
5. CONCLUSION
6. REFERENCES

Question 10

1DIDACTIC EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGES. CURRENT TENDENCIES OF TEACHING ENGLISH AS FOREIGN LANGUAGE. COMMUNICATIVE APPROACHES

Answer 10

1. INTRODUCTION
2. EVOLUTION OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING
   2.1 PRE- 19TH CENTURY APPROACHES
   2.2 FIRST MODERN APPROACHES
   2.2.1 GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD
   2.2.2 THE DIRECT METHOD
   2.3 SCIENTIFICALLY-BASED APPROACHES
   2.3.1 THE SITUATIONAL APPROACH
   2.3.2 AUDIO-LINGUAL METHOD
   2.3.3 THE SILENT WAY
   2.3.4 SUGGESTOPEDIA
   2.3.5 TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE
   2.3.6 NATURAL APPROACH
3. CURRENT TENDENCIES IN TEACHING ENGLISH AS A SECOND OR FOREIGN LANGUAGE
   3.1 COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH
   3.2 TYPES OF LEARNING ASSOCIATTED WITH COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH
   3.3 COMPUTER ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING (CALL)
   3.4 MOBILE LEARNING
4. CONCLUSION
5. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Question 11

4 COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE. ANALYSIS OF ITS COMPONENTS

Answer 11

1. INTRODUCTION
2. LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION
3. COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE
   3.1 DEFINITION
   3.2 HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE TERM
4. ANALYSIS OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE
   4.1 LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE
   4.2 SOCIOLINGUISTIC COMPETENCE
   4.3 PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE
5. CONCLUSION
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Question 12

5 ORAL COMMUNICATION. ELEMENTS AND RULES OF SPEECH. ROUTINES AND FORMULAE. STRATEGIES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION

Answer 12

1. INTRODUCTION
2. ORAL COMMUNICATION
   2.1. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE
   2.2. FORMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPOKEN ENGLISH
3. ELEMENTS OF ORAL DISCOURSE
4. NORMS GOVERNING ORAL DISCOURSE
   4.1. TURN- TAKING
   4.2. THE COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE
5. ROUTINES AND FORMULAE
6. ORAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
   6.1. PLANNING STRATEGIES
   6.2. SYNTACTIC FORM STRATEGIES
   6.3. POLITENESS STRATEGIES
7. CONCLUSION
8. REFERENCES

Question 13

12 THE CONCEPT OF GRAMMAR: A REFLECTION ON LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE LEARNING. FROM PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR TO FUNCTIONAL AND COMMUNICATIVE GRAMMAR

Answer 13

1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE CONCEPT OF GRAMMAR
   2.1 A REFLECTION ON GRAMMAR AND LANGUAGE
   2.2 A REFLECTION ON GRAMMAR AND LANGUAGE LEARNING
   2.2.1 ENVIRONMENTALIST VIEW ON GRAMMAR LEARNING
   2.2.2 NATIVIST VIEW ON LEARNING GRAMMAR
   2.2.3 OTHER THEORIES
3. FROM PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR TO FUNCTIONAL AND COMMUNICATIVE GRAMMAR
   3.1 THE RISE OF PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR
   3.2 THE DESCRIPTIVE ALTERNATIVE
   3.3 FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR
   3.4 COMMUNICATIVE GRAMMAR
4. CONCLUSION
5. REFERENCES

Question 14

23 SENTENCE STRUCTURE IN ENGLISH: AFFIRMATIVES, QUESTIONS, NEGATIVES AND EXCLAMATIONS

Answer 14

1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES IN ENGLISH
   2.1. DEFINITION OF SENTENCE
   2.2. TYPES OF SENTENCES
   2.3. TYPES OF SENTENCE STRUCTURES
3. BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS
   3.1. SUBJECT
   3.2. VERB
   3.3. OBJECT
   3.4. COMPLEMENT
   3.5. ADVERBIAL
4. STATEMENTS
5. QUESTIONS
   5.1. YES/ NO QUESTIONS
   5.2. WH-INTERROGATIVES
   5.3. ALTERNATIVE INTERROGATIVES
   5.4. TAG QUESTIONS AND ECHO QUESTIONS
6. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
7. NEGATION
   7.1. NEGATIVE STRUCTURES AND WORDS
   7.2. THE SCOPE AND FOCUS OF NEGATION
8. CONCLUSION
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Question 15

42 THE NORMAN CONQUEST. INFLUENCE OF FRENCH UPON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. LOAN WORDS AND CALQUES

Answer 15

1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE NORMAN CONQUEST
3. CONSEQUENCES OF THE NORMAN CONQUEST
   3.1THE NORMAN YOKE
   3.2 NEW LITERARY COMPOSITIONS
   3.3 THE INTRODUCTION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE
4. THE RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF ENGLISH
5. THE INFLUENCE OF FRENCH IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
   5.1 CHANGES IN PRONUNCIATION
   5.2 CHANGES IN SPELLING
   5.3 CHANGES IN SYNTAX
   5.4 CHANGES IN VOCABULARY
   5.4.1 BORROWINGS
   5.4.2 CALQUES
6. CONCLUSION
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY