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Oral candidiasis > 5. Oral hyperplasia > Flashcards

5. Oral hyperplasia Flashcards

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1
Q

What are labile cells?

A

Proliferate continuously through post-natal life.
Eg, bone marrow, epithelia of mouth, skin, gut, bladder.
Susceptible to toxic agents

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2
Q

What are stable cells?

A

Divide only infrequently but can be stimulated to divide when cells are lost.
Eg, bone, liver, renal tubular cells, fibroblasts in connective tissue

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3
Q

What are permanent cells?

A

Normally only divide in embryonic, fetal and maybe in early post natal life.
Have very limited ability to divide.
Eg, cardiac muscle cells, neurons, retinal photoreceptors

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4
Q

What types of cells are odontoblasts?

A

Permanent cells

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5
Q

What is the definition of aplasia?

A

No growth, lack of development of a tissue

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6
Q

What is the definition of hyperplasia/hypoplasia?

A

Increase/decrease in the number of cells in response to a stimulus

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7
Q

What is hyperplasia often secondary to?

A

Hormones and growth factors in tissues able to divide or that continue abundant stem cells.

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8
Q

What is physiologic example of hyperplasia?

A

Breast epithelium during pregnancy
Compensatory hyperplasia of liver

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9
Q

What is pathologic example of hyperplasia?

A

Epithelial hyperplasia in viral warts

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10
Q

What is hypoplasia?

A

Lack of development of tissue or organ

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11
Q

What is hypertrophy/atrophy?

A

Increase/decrease in the size of cells in response to a stimulus. Will often get additional intracellular structural components.

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12
Q

What is a pathologic example of hypertrophy?

A

When cells that cannot undergo cell division become larger, eg. myocardial fibres.

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13
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Other growth- differentiation from one mature type into another mature type

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14
Q

How does metaplasia occur?

A

Occurs through altered differentiation pathways of tissue stem cells

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15
Q

What are examples of metaplasia?

A

In smokers, respiratory epithelium which is normally pseudostratified squamous epithelium with cilia and goblet cells turns into metaplasia squamous cell epithelium. You get loss of mucous secretion and ciliary action.

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16
Q

What is the definition of dysplasia?

A

Wrong growth or disturbance in the maturation of a tissue
Mitotic figures seen outside of the basal cell layer

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17
Q

What is atypia?

A

Refers to deviation in the morphology of cells

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18
Q

What is the definition of neoplasia?

A

An independent, uncoordinated new growth of tissue, capable of unlimited proliferation and which does not regress after removal of the stimulus which produced the lesion.

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19
Q

What is benign neoplasia?

A

Innocent behaviour, localised lesion, without spread, amenable to surgical resection

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20
Q

What is malignant neoplasia?

A

Aggressive behaviour, invasion and destruction of adjacent tissue, capacity for spread to distant sites (metastasis)

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21
Q

What does differentiation mean?

A

Extent to which cells resemble their ancestor

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22
Q

What does anaplasia mean?

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A

Lack of differentiation of a tissue- characteristic of some tumour cells

23
Q

What is the definition of choristoma?

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A

Normal tissue in the wrong location- ectopic

24
Q

What is fordyce spots?

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A

Yellow, white spots that are sebaceous glands present in the submucosa of the oral cavity.
Sebaceous glands are typical of the skin.

25
What is a chondroma?
Example of choristoma- eg, cartilage in the tongue
26
What is an osteochondroma?
Example of choristoma- eg, cartilage and bone in the tongue
27
What is osteoma of the tongue?
Example of choristoma, completely made of bone
28
What is a hamartoma?
Abnormal amount of tissue in the right location.
29
What are examples of hamartomas?
Odontoma Haemangioma Torus palatinus/torus mandibularis
30
What is a teratoma?
Tumours containing tissue recognisable from more than one germ layer. Originate from germ cells capable of differentiation into any one of the cell types in the body. Comes from testes or ovaries
31
What is an epulides?
Tumour like growth on the gum. Hyperplastic
32
What are the 3 true epulis?
Fibrous epulis, vascular epulis, giant cell epulis
33
What does fibrous epulis clinically look like?
Wide range of ages- 11-40 Sessile or pedunculated Firm, surface may be ulcerated Might contain metaplastic bone Colour of lesion is similar to rest of gingiva
34
What is the treatment for fibrous epulis?
Surgical excision
35
What is the histology of fibrous epulis?
Stratified squamous epithelium Cellular fibroblastic tissue and bundles of collagen May contain calcified deposits and metaplastic bone Variable inflammatory infiltration
36
What is another name for vascular epulis?
Pyogenic granuloma/pregnancy epulis
37
What does vascular epulis clinically look like?
Soft Deep red/purple swelling Haemorrhage is common Commonly ulcerated May occur anytime during pregnancy, size may decrease after delivery
38
What is the histology of vascular epulis?
Sheets of endothelial cells and angioblasts Ulcerated surface Proliferation of small vessels towards surface Large, thin walled vascular spaces in deeper aspects Variable inflammatory infiltration
39
What is another name for giant cell epulis?
Peripheral giant cell granuloma
40
What does giant cell epulis look like clinically?
Affects 30-40 year olds 2 times more likely to affect females Anterior to molar teeth Slightly more common in mandible Pedunculated or sessile dark red mass
41
Why is radiograph essential for giant cell epulis?
Histologically, central giant cell granuloma looks very similar to this. However, CGCG appears inside the jaw bone but it is possible that is is a central lesion that grew large in the jawbone and the tip showed through peripherally.
42
What is the histology of a giant cell epulis?
Focal collection of multinucleated giant cells, separated by fibrous septa Rich vascular and cellular stroma Fibrous tissue may separate the core from covering epithelium
43
What is another name for congenital epulis?
Congenital gingival granular cell tumour
44
What is congenital epulis?
Rare neoplasm- not a hyperplasia Affects newborns
45
What is the histology of congenital epulis?
Large, closely packed granular cells covered by squamous epithelium unknown origin, but not related to the granular cell tumour
46
What does a fibroepithelial polyp look like clinically?
Mainly in cheeks (occlusal line), lips, tongue Pedunculated or sessile Pink, painless polypoid swelling Leaf fibroma Usually not ulcerated Once established, no size change
47
What is the histology of fibroepithelial polyp?
Stratified squamous epithelium Little or no inflammatory reaction Core of dense avascular and acellular fibrous tissue
48
What is denture irritation hyperplasia?
Leaf like folds related to the periphery of an ill fitting denture Usually firm, not very inflamed
49
What is the histology of denture irritation hyperplasia?
A core of dense fibrous tissue containing small blood vessels Covering epithelium may show hyperplasia or ulceration
50
What is the tx for denture irritation hyperplasia?
Denture adjustment, surgical excision, new denture
51
What is papillary hyperplasia of palate?
Numerous small papillary projections May be associated with chronic erythematous candidosis Red and oedematous mucosa Perhaps due to trauma and rotation of ill fitting dentures
52
What is the histology of papillary hyperplasia?
Hyperplastic granulation tissue Chronic inflammation Hyperplastic covering epithelium, keratin pearls
53
What is gingival fibromatosis?
Hereditary autosomal dominant condition Associated with hypertrichosis, epilepsy, mental retardation

Oral candidiasis (18 decks)

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