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C1 - Chemistry > 5 Products From Oil > Flashcards

5 Products From Oil Flashcards

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1
Q

How do we make smaller, more useful molecules from larger, less useful molecules in crude oil?2

A
  • mixing them with steam and heating them to a high temperature
  • by passing the vapours over a hot catalyst
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2
Q

What are the alkenes?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons which contain Carbon-carbon double bond

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3
Q

How are large hydrocarbon molecules broken down? What is this called?3

A

By heating them then passing them over a hot catalyst

Cracking

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4
Q

which hydrocarbons are used as fuel?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons

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5
Q

What are polymers?2

A

Large molecules made when monomers join together ( polymerisation )

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6
Q

List four ways we use fuels?4

A

Transport
Cooking
Heating
Electricity

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7
Q

What are plastics made from?

A

Polymers

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8
Q

Is ethene an alkane or alkene?

A

Alkene

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9
Q

What is polyethene made from

A

Ethene

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10
Q

How are we using new polymers?

A

They are designed to have properties that make them especially suited certain uses

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11
Q

What are the problems caused by disposing of plastics?4

A
  • they cause unsightly rubbish
  • can harm rubbish
  • can harm wildlife
  • take up space in landfill sites
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12
Q

What does biodegradable mean?

A

A material that are decomposed by the action of microorganism a in soil

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13
Q

How can polymers be made biodegradable?

A

We can make biodegradable plastics from plant material such as corn starch

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14
Q

Whats one method used to make ethanol?

A
  • ethanol can be made from ethene reacting with steam in the presence of a catalyst = hydration
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15
Q

Name another method used to make ethanol?2

A

Ethanol can also be made by fermenting sugar using enzymes in yeast

Carbon dioxide is also made in this reaction

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16
Q

What gas is given off when sugar is fermented?

A

Carbon dioxide

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17
Q

When is ethene made?

A

When oil companies crack hydrocarbons to make fuels

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18
Q

What does cracking mean?

A

Splitting up long chain hydrocarbons

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19
Q

What reaction is cracking?

A

A thermal decomposition reaction

Vaporise then hydrocarbon
Vapour is passed over a powdered catalyst at roughly 400-700 degrees
Aluminium oxide is the catalyst used
Long chain molecules split apart

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20
Q

What’s the difference between alkanes and alkanes?

A

Saturated and unsaturated

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21
Q

How do you test for alkenes?r

A

Add to bromine water

They decolourise the bromine water and turn it from orange to colourless

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22
Q

How does ethane become ethanol?

A

It is hydrated with steam

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23
Q

Describe polymerisation?

A

Joining together lots of small alkene molecules (monomers) to form very large molecules (polymers)

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24
Q

If you polymerise propene what do you get?

A

Polypropene

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25
How can vegetable oils be used in cooking?
Have higher boiling point than water - they can cook foods at higher temperatures and at faster speeds Different flavour - plant oil has its own flavour Using it to cook food increases the energy you get from eating it
26
How can vegetable oils be used to produce fuel?
It could be used as a biodiesel
27
Unsaturated oils ahve what bonds and are what?
Double bonds | Alkenes
28
Example of unsaturated fat?
Olive oil | Sunflower oil
29
What does cooking in oil do?
Cooking in food oil whether Saturated, unsaturated or partially hydrogenated oils make the food more fattening
30
Name two substances produced when poly ethane burns in the air?
Carbon dioxide | Water
31
What is seen when sugar solution and yeast are fermented?
Bubbling | Fizzing
32
What are advantages for producing ethanol from sugar cane?
Sugar cane absorbs carbon dioxide so is carbon neutral Sugar cane is renewable so saved resources Low energy process so saved fuel
33
What are disadvantages for producing ethanol from sugar cane?
Large areas of land needed - destruction of habitats Land could be used for food costs = food shortages/higher price Slow process - limits production Only 50% ethanol do needs further separation Unreliable yield because growth is seasonal
34
Simple fractional distillation?
Heat to vaporise crude oil Vapours condense At different temperatures
35
What conditions are needed for hardening olivie oil (by reacting it with hydrogen)?
A nickel catalyst | 60 degrees
36
Does hardening olive oil make it healthier?
No because adding hydrogen reduces the number of carbon-carbon double bonds Therefore there will be less unsaturated fat
37
Chemical test to indicate the presence of ethane?
Add bromine water | Changes to colourless
38
What is locked up carbon dioxide?
Carbon dioxide from the earths early atmosphere | Formed sedimentary rocks
39
Explain the process of fermentation?
Sugar is mixed with water | Yeast is added
40
Why is using a biofuel thought to be carbon neutral?
Plants absorb carbon dioxide | Which is released when it burns
41
What are the products of cracking?
Shorter ALKANE molecule | And an alkene
42
What type of reaction is cracking?
A thermal decomposition reaction
43
What's the formula for Alkenes?
They have twice as many hydrogen a as carbons CnH(2n)
44
Word equation for fermentation?
Sugar --- carbon dioxide and ethanol
45
How can ethanol be made from ethane?
Hydrated with steam in the prescenve of a catalyst
46
What is polymerisation?
Joining together small alkene molecules (monomers) to form long chain molecules called polymers
47
What is the test for unsaturated fats?
Bromine water and unsaturated fats
48
Describe the reaction needed to harden vegetable oil?
Hydrogen reacted Nickel catalyst About 60 degrees
49
Turning an ALKANE into an alcohol?
Vaporise Pass over a catalyst Add steam In the prescenve of a catalyst
50
Properties of shorter molecules?
More funny More volatile (turn into a gas at a lower temperature) More flammable
51
What type of reaction is cracking?
Thermal decomposition
52
What affects a polymers physical properties?
the temperature and pressure of polymerisation
53
Properties of hydrocarbons spend on what?
The size of their molecules
54
What does each fraction of crude oil contain?
Molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms
55
Most fuels contain what?
Carbon and or hydrogen | May contain some sulphur
56
What gases could be released when a fuel burns?
``` Carbon dioxide Water vapour Carbon monoxide Sulphur dioxide Nitrogen oxides ``` Particulates may also be released
57
What causes acid rain?
Sulphur dioxide | Nitrogen oxide
58
What do particulates cause?
Global dimming
59
How can polymers be used?
``` Packaging materials Waterproof coatings for fabrics Dental polymers Wound dressings Hydrogels Smart materials ```
60
What does biodegradable mean?
Broken down by microbes
61
Why are polymers not good for the environment ?
They are not biodegradable
62
How can ethanol be produced?
Hydration of ethene in the presence of a catalyst | Fermentation of yeast
63
CRACKING
- MIX with STEAM and HEATING to a HIGH TEMPERATURE OR - VAPORISE over a HOT CATALYST
64
How does polymerisation work?
Joining alkene molecules together The double bond between carbon atoms in each molecule 'opens up' It is replaced by single bonds as thousands of molecules join together
65
Used of polymers?
Hydrogels Shape memory polymers Light sensitive plasters Bottles of fizzy drinks
66
Fermentation equation?
Glucose ---> (add yeast) ethanol + carbon dioxide
67
What gas is given off in fermentation?
Carbon dioxide
68
HYDRATION equation?
Ethene + steam ---> (add catalyst) ethanol
69
Advantages of making ethanol from ethene?
Reversible (so can be recycled) Continuous No waste products
70
Disadvantages of making ethanol from ethene?
Relies of crude oil which is non renewable (as it requires energy to heat the gases)
71
Disadvantages of industrial fermentation?
Batch process Produced carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) Used land which could be used to grow crops
72
Why are vegetable oils useful for cooking?
High boiling point | So can be cooked faster
73
How do emulsifiers work?
The hydrophilic and hydrophobic end cause a stable suspension of oil in water Nd water in oil
74
What hydrocarbons have the lowest boiling points?
Hydrocarbons with the smaller molecules
75
At the bottom of the column what boiling points do they have?
High boiling points
76
At the top of the column what boiling points do they have?
Hydrocarbons with low boiling points
77
Why is carbon monoxide harmful?
Red blood cells pick up this has and carry it around your blood instead of oxygen
78
How do particulates form?
Engines burn hydrocarbons with much bigger molecules When these big molecules react with oxygen in the engine they do not always burn completely Tiny solid particles containing carbon and I burnt hydrocarbons
79
Word equation for a catalytic converter?
Carbon monoxide + nitrogen oxides ---> carbon dioxide + nitrogen
80
How do power stations remove waste gases?
By reacting it with calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide
81
Where does cracking occur?
This takes place at an oil refinery in a steel vessel called a fracker
82
What does polymerisation mean?
When alkene molecules join together the double bond between the carbon in each molecule opens up And is replaced by single bonds as thousands of molecules join together
83
Disadvantages of biodegradable plastics?
Lack of food supplies for developing countries | Destruction of wildlife for more farming
84
Two ways to make ethanol?
``` Add ethene (hydration) Fermentation ```
85
What are alkanes?
Hydrocarbons that are saturated and contain a carbon carbon dingle bond
86
Alkenes?
Hydrocarbons that are unsaturated and contain a carbon carbon double bond

C1 - Chemistry (7 decks)

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