5 - REGIONAL INTEGRATION Flashcards
(15 cards)
NOTION OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION
when 2 or more nation states agree to cooperate to achieve peace, stability, wealth
have written agreements explaining the cooperation in detail
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
arrangement among countries to reduce/eliminate trade barriers and to coordinate monetary & fiscal policies
advantages: creates trade, employment opportunities, cooperation
disadvantages: diversion of trade from non members even if it’s bad for the economy
erosion of national sovereignty (because rules on trade and policy are made by an external unelected policymaking body)
employment shifts/reductions
SINGLE MARKET
midpoint of integration
where economies in coop states are so integrated that all barriers to workers’ movement, services, goods and capital are removed
> removal of physical borders, technical standards, and taxes
citizens can study/live/shop/work/retire in any member state, product variety is very big
adoption of a common currency
CUSTOMS UNION
a single market setting a common external tariff on goods from other countries
POLITICAL INTEGRATION
after complete econ integration, there is a need for common policies in social policy (education, health, pensions)
coop nations’ loyalties, expectations and pol. activities shift to a new center
pol int. occurs when coop countries share same foreign policy and merge their armies, BECOMING A NEW COUNTRY
eg england and scotland union
MOTIVES FOR REGIONAL INTEGRATION (3)
RI allows countries to overcome unfavourable infrastructure, policies, and geography to facilitate the flow of trade
imports don’t have to be shipped from a great distance, exports don’t cost a lot to ship out
lower-income countries who have the possibility to access neighbouring markets are more appealing to investors
DISADVANTAGES OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION
creates winners and losers within countries because the system does not favour all businesses who participate
the impact on trade, investment flows, allocation of econ. activity, growth, income distribution are often hard to assess
lack of proper complementary policies/institutions may cause inefficiency
ADVANTAGES OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION
improving market efficiency
share costs of public goods or large infrastructure projects
nonecon benefits such as security and peace
EXAMPLES OF REGIONAL INTEGRATIONS
EU: 27 countries in europe. single market with free movement of goods
ASEAN: 10 countries in SE asia, promotes econ int, regional peace, stability
MERCOSUR: argentina, brazil, paraguay, uruguay. aims to promote econ coop
NAFTA: US, canada, mexico. eliminated tariffs and trade barriers
AU: 55 states in africa. promo of econ integration, peace and security
CARICOM: 15 caribbean countries. promotes econ int and coop
pacific alliance: chile, colombia, mexico, peru. econ int and coop
REGIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS REGIME:
a subsection of international HRR that aim to localize international human rights laws by considering regional customs/culture
when domestic institutions fail to uphold human rights, the victims can make a complaint to a larger regional body
REGIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS REGIME IN EUROPE
COUNCIL OF EUROPE: founded 1949 in Strasbourg, France
- it drafted the eur convention on human rights and signed it in 1950 in Rome
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS: set up in Strasbourg in 1959. It oversees the implementation of the ECHR
- courts’ judgements are binding to the countries who fucked up, and court decision has led to change of legislation
REGIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS REGIME IN AMERICAS
Organization of american states OAS: founded in 1948 in Washington DC, has 35 independent state members in america
AMERICAN CONVENTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS: int. human rights instrument adopted in san jose in 1969
- the treaty is open to all OAS member states, but only 24 members ratified it (eg canada)
- US signed it in 1977 but hasn’t ratified it
INTER AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS and INTER AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS are responsible for seeing compliance with the convention
- both bodies can hear individual complaints about human rights violations, but the COURT also has an advisory system
REGIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS REGIME IN AFRICA
AFRICAN UNION: established in 2001, 55 members
its instrument is the AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN AND PEOPLE’S RIGHTS (est 1981 in nairobi)
- the charter recognizes group rights far more than the other conventions
- awards family protection by the state
its mechanisms are the AFRICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN & PEOPLE’S RIGHTS
- quasi judicial organ of the AU tasked with promoting human rights and interpreting the charter
… and the AFRICAN COURT OF HUMAN AND PEOPLE’S RIGHTS, that has jurisdiction over all cases and disputes concerning interpretations of the AC
- can issue advisory opinions and adjudicate contentious cases
REGIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS REGIMES IN ASIA
no asia-wide orgs.
ASEAN is only a union of 10 countries formed in 1967
in 2009-10 ASEAN established an Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights
2012 it adopted the ASEAN human rights declaration
- BUT STILL HAS NO HUMAN RIGHTS CONVENTION OR COURT
REGIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE UAE
CCASG (cooperation council of the arab states of the gulf) is a trade bloc created in 1981 with 6 arab states
- does not have a mandate to promote human rights or a court
