5 -Sediments and Surface Transfers

Question 1

Fragmented materials that originate from weathering and erosion of rocks or unconsolidated deposits and are transported by, suspended in, or deposited by water.

Answer 1

Sediments

Question 2

soil material subsequently transported away from its source, mostly by water

Answer 2

Sediments

Question 3

it is essentially the erosional environment (source of sediment)

Answer 3

Land

Question 4

It is essentially the Depositional Environment

Answer 4

Sea

Question 5

Mineral grains (mostly quartz, muscovite), rock fragments and volcanic debris

Answer 5

Sandstone

Question 6

breakdown products, organic debris mainly dominated by plant material

Answer 6

Clay

Question 7

organic debris dominated by marine shell debris, dominantly calcite solutes from sea water due to biological activity

Answer 7

Limestone

Question 8

It is the movement of sediments

Answer 8

Sediment transport

Question 9

How sediments are collected and added to a landform or landmass

Answer 9

Sediment Deposition

Question 10

It is the far most important agent of sediment transport, followed by WIND and ICE

Answer 10

Water

Question 11

when suspended in water, coarser debris have lower velocities than finer debris

Answer 11

Stoke’s Law

Question 12

Water’s ability to transport sediment depends on its ____

Answer 12

Velocity

Question 13

____ works on the steeper slopes producing landslides and colluvium (loose unconsolidated soil in hillsides(

Answer 13

Gravity

Question 14

It moves only fine particles

Answer 14

Wind

Question 15

_____ Transports are powerful, but restricted by climate

Answer 15

Ice

Question 16

_____________ may blast debris over limited distances

Answer 16

Volcqnic activity

Question 17

Sediment deposition that are sorted and stratified, mostly sand and clay. Mostly forms alluvium and lake sediments

Answer 17

Water on land

Question 18

Sediment deposition which is the final destinstion of sediments.

Answer 18

Sea

Question 19

Sediment Deposition which is unsorted debris dumped in the melt zones of glaciers

Answer 19

Ice

Question 20

The process by which a weak, loose sediment is turned into stronger sedimentary rocks

Answer 20

Lithification

Question 21

Lithification is also known as _____ in geology and _____ in engineering

Answer 21

Diagenesis , Consolidation

Question 22

Refers to the changes which take place to the sediments after depositions

Answer 22

Lithification

Question 23

Induced by burial pressure and increased temperature and is characterized by notable strength increase

Answer 23

Lithification

Question 24

The three makn processes of Lithification

Answer 24

Compaction
Cementation and
Crystallization

Question 25

It is restructing and change in grain packing, with decrease in volume due to burial pressure, with consequent reduction of porosity as water is squeezed out.

Answer 25

Compaction

Question 26

The filling of the inter-granular pore spaces by deposition of a mineral cement brought in by circulating ground water.

Answer 26

Cementation

Question 27

a small scale of solution and deposition of mineral, so that some grains become smaller and some become larger. This is similar to cementation but the results are stronger than mosaic fixture

Answer 27

Crystallization

Question 28

Formed by weathering processes that break down rocks into pebble, sand or clay particles by exposure to wind, ice, and water (moving fluids) aka DETRITAL ROCKS

Answer 28

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

Question 29

Formed by chemical reactions and precipitation of different elements dissolved in water chiefly in the ocean aka CHEMICAL ROCKS

Answer 29

Non-clastic sedimentary rocks

Question 30

Example of Clastic rocks (5)

Answer 30

``` Conglomerate Breccia Sandstone Siltstone Shale ```

Question 31

It is composed of rounded gravel, pebbles, cobbles or boulders along with similar rock pieces

Answer 31

Conglomerate

Question 32

Similar to conglomerate but its gravel, pebbles, cobbles or boulders have a sharper, angular shape

Answer 32

Breccia

Question 33

Composed of sand

Answer 33

Sandstone

Question 34

Composed of silt

Answer 34

Siltstone

Question 35

Composed of clay-sized particles | smaller than 4 micrometers in diameter

Answer 35

Shale

Question 36

Example of Non-clastic sedimentary rocks (4)

Answer 36

Limestone Halite Rock Gypsum Chert

Question 37

Composed of mineral calcite, may contain or may be made of marine fossils, formed by precipitation from water

Answer 37

Limestone

Question 38

Composed of sodium and chlorine, formed by evaporation

Answer 38

Halite

Question 39

Composed of gypsum, formed by evaporation

Answer 39

Rock Gypsum

Question 40

Composed of microscopic mineral grains of quartz, very hard with sharp edges

Answer 40

Chert

Question 41

Refers to the way sediment layers are staxked kver each other and can occur on the scale of hundreds of meter, and down to submillimetwr scale. It is a fundamental feature of sedimentary rocks.

Answer 41

Stratification

Question 42

are large scale reflection of transport of gravel and sand by currents that flow over the sediment surface (river channels). Sediment is moved up and eroded along a gentle up-current slope, re-deposited on the down current slope

Answer 42

CROSS-BEDDING

Question 43

when the grain size within a bed decreases upwards. Commonly associated with turbulent suspension flows, they are initiated by slope failure, or earthquake that triggers down slope movement of sediment.

Answer 43

GRADED BEDDING

Question 44

produced by flowing water or wave action, similar to cross-bedding, only on a smaller scale

Answer 44

RIPPLE MARKS

Question 45

form when a water rich in mud dries out on the air.

Answer 45

MUD CRACKS

Question 46

when remains of a number of biologically-created organisms exist in a sedimentary structure

Answer 46

FOSSILS

Question 47

contain the actual organism remain

Answer 47

BODY FOSSILS

Question 48

contain geological records of a biological activity (footprint, burrows, imprints)

Answer 48

TRACE FOSSILS

Question 49

Example of Continental Depositional environments (4)

Answer 49

Alluvial, Aeolian, fluvial and Lacrustine

Question 50

Example of Transitional Depositional Environments (3)

Answer 50

Deltaic Lagoonal Beach

Question 51

Example ofMarine Depositional Environments

Answer 51

Shallow Water Marine Deep water marine Reef

Question 52

Types of sedimentary environments

Answer 52

Continental, Depositional, marine, evaporite, glacial, volcanic

Question 53

– is loose, unconsolidated environment which has been eroded, reshaped by water into another form and re-deposited in a non-marine setting

Answer 53

Alluvial (Alluvium, Alluvial Fan)

Question 54

similar to alluvial fan, but deposition is via action of wind. Also known as dunes.

Answer 54

Aeolian (Eolian)

Question 55

processes associated with rivers and streams and the deposits and landforms created by them.

Answer 55

Fluvial

Question 56

water localized in a basin, surrounded by land apart, may or maybe connected by any river or other outlet. Also known as lakes.

Answer 56

Lacustrine

Question 57

landform formed at the mouth of a river, where the river flows into an ocean, sea, estuary, lake or reservoir. Generally characterized by deposits of sediments.

Answer 57

Delta (River delta)

Question 58

similar to lacustrine environment, except that it is a shallow body of water and it is separated from a larger body of water by small landmasses, barrier islands or reefs.

Answer 58

Lagoonal

Question 59

landform along the coast of an ocean, sea or lake, or river.

Answer 59

Beach