Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 124 > 5 - The endocrine system II: The thyroid and adrenal glands > Flashcards

5 - The endocrine system II: The thyroid and adrenal glands Flashcards

1
Q

thyroid gland

A

• A large ductless gland in the neck that secretes hormones regulating growth and development through the rate of metabolism.
- produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

thyroid hormones

A

T3 and T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

thyroid follicles

A

manufacture, store, and secrete thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

follicle cavity

A

contains colloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Colloid

A

contains thyroglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

C cells

A

produce calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

C cells

A

produce calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

thyroid hormone production

A
  1. Iodine move into the cell via transporter
  2. TPO reaction
  3. Oxidize Iodine
  4. incorporate iodine into thioglobulin
  5. results in MIT or DIT
  6. TPO causes more reactions with MIT and DIT
  7. T3 or T4 is formed
  8. Proteolysis and released into the cell
    Most important enzyme = TPO - Thyroid Peroxidase
    T4 is converted into T3 via - Deiodinase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Control of thyroid hormone production

A

low thyroid hormones (stimulus) –>
hypothalamus releases TRH (thyroid releasing hormone) through hypophyseal portal system into median eminence –>
anterior pituitary releases TSH into general circulation –>
thyroid gland produces T4 and T3 –>
target cells –>
blood levels controlled via negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

functions of thyroid hormones

A

development + metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

function: development

A
  • metamorphosis in frogs
    – bone formation
    – brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

function: metabolism

A

– increase metabolic rate
– increase ATP production (mitochondrial receptors)
– stimulate glycolysis
– increased heart rate and blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

congenital hypothyroidism

A

condition present at birth that results in lack of thyroid hormones

  • poor physical and mental development
  • low metabolic rate + body temp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hypothyroidism in adults - myxoedema

A
  • lethargy
  • low body temperature
  • muscle weakness
  • subcutaneous swellings
  • dry skin
  • hair loss
  • enlarged thyroid
  • may be caused by low dietary iodine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A
  • high metabolic rate
  • high body temperature
  • sweating
  • high heart rate and high blood pressure
  • central nervous system effects - excitability, restlessness, mood swings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Thyroid C cells (parafollicular cells) – release CALCITONIN

A

Calcitonin released in response to HIGH calcium levels in the blood
Inhibits osteoclast activity (bone breakdown),
Increases uptake of calcium into bone.
So DECREASES blood calcium level.

17
Q

PTH and calcium homeostasis

A
  1. falling blood level
  2. stimulates Ca2+ uptake in kidneys
  3. stimulates Ca2+ release from bones
  4. increases Ca2+ uptake in intestines
  5. Blood Ca2+ level rises
  6. Homeostasis
18
Q

Anatomy of parathyroid glands

A
  • four small glands imbedded in posterior surface of thyroid
  • chief or principal cells which secrete PTH
  • oxyphil cell-function unknown
19
Q

Adrenal gland anatomy

A
  1. Cortex (intermediate mesoderm) and Medulla (neural crest). Gland develops between dorsal mesentery and urogenital ridges
  2. Three main arteries supply each adrenal gland:
    1) The superior suprarenal from the inferior phrenic artery
    2) The middle suprarenal artery from the aorta
    3) The inferior suprarenal artery from the renal artery
    * 3. Blood supply: Cortex fed by three “zona” arteries which go to the medullary region. Medulla fed by ^ arteries and medullary arteriole.*
20
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones

21
Q

Aldosterone

A

promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys.

- Na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressure

22
Q

Glucocorticoids

A
  • stimulate glucose and glycogen synthesis
  • stimulate release of fatty acids
  • cause tissues to break down fatty acids and proteins
  • immunosuppressive
  • anti-inflammatory
23
Q

Glucocorticoids

A
  • stimulate glucose and glycogen synthesis
  • stimulate release of fatty acids
  • cause tissues to break down fatty acids and proteins
  • immunosuppressive
  • anti-inflammatory
24
Q

adrenal medulla

A

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

25
Q

adrenal medulla

A

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

26
Q

general sympathetic activation

A
  • breakdown glycogen to glucose

- changes in circulation

27
Q

Ephinephrine and Norepinephrine

A

increase heart rate

28
Q

adrenaline and noradrenaline

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

29
Q

adrenaline and noradrenaline

A

dilate air passages in lungs, increase respiratory rate

30
Q

Stress and the adrenal gland

A
  • short term response- epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
  • long term response- mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

BIOL 124 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions