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Anatomy > Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves (Test 4) > Flashcards

Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves (Test 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What is responsible for reflexes?

A

spinal cord and spinal nerves

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2
Q

What are the 5 sections of the spinal cord?

A
  1. cervical
  2. thoracic
  3. lumbar
  4. sacral
  5. coccygeal
    * * these do not match up with the vertebrae
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3
Q

What is the tapering end of the spinal cord called?

A

conus medullaris

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4
Q

Where is the conus medullaris?

A

L1 vertebrae

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5
Q

What are the groups of axons that project inferiorly from the conus medullaris?

A

cauda equina (latin for “horses tail”)

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6
Q

What is the thin strand of pia mater that helps anchor the conus medullaris to the coccyx called?

A

film terminale (latin “thread” and “end”)

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7
Q

What is located in the inferior cervical region of the spinal cord that contains the neurons that innervate the upper limbs?

A

The cervical enlargement

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8
Q

What extends through the mid-lumbar region of the spinal cord and innervates the lower limbs?

A

The lumbosacral enlargement

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9
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A 
31
Divided:
8 cervical nerves (C1-C8)
12 thoracic nerves (T1-T12)
5 lumbar nerves (L1-L5)
5 sacral nerves (S1-S5)
1 coccygeal nerve (Co)
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10
Q

Where does the C1 spinal nerve originate?

A

above the C1 vertebrae (every other nerve originates just below the vertebrae)

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11
Q

List the structures and spaces that encircle the spinal cord from outermost to innermost (hint: there are 7)

A

Vertebra, epidural space, dura mater, subdural space (potential space), arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia

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12
Q

What is houses loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose connective tissue surrounding the spinal cord?

A

the epidural space

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13
Q

What contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that surrounds the spinal cord?

A

the subarachnoid space (where needle ends up for spinal tap)

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14
Q

What is another term for spinal tap?

A

lumbar puncture

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15
Q

What meningeal layer is composed of elastic and collagen fibers that support some of the blood vessels that supply blood to the spinal cord?

A

The pia mater

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16
Q

What does cloudy cerebrospinal fluid indicate?

A

white blood cells or pus, most common cause is viral or bacterial meningitis

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17
Q

What matter is composed of myelinated axons that allows neural communication to and from the brain?

A

The peripheral white matter

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18
Q

What conducts impulses from the peripheral sensory receptors of the body to the brain?

A

ASCENDING TRACTS of white matter

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19
Q

What conducts motor impulses from the brain to the muscles and glands?

A

DESCENDING TRACTS of white matter

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20
Q

What is composed of unmyelinated axons that serves as a center for spinal reflexes?

A

The central gray matter

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21
Q

What is the butterfly-shaped gray matter that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid and continuous with the medulla oblongata and the ventricles of the brain?

A

the central canal

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22
Q

What are spinal nerves formed from?

A

motor and sensory axons (all spinal nerves are mixed nerves)

23
Q

What is the path of the spinal nerve exiting the spinal cord?

A

exits the vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramen above or below the vertebra of the same number

24
Q

What is a specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve called?

A

a dermatome

25
Q

Which spinal nerve does not innervate a segment of skin (which spinal nerve is not a dermatome)?

A

C1

26
Q

What condition involving dermatomes causes a rash and blisters accompanied with intense burning or tingling sensation?

A

Shingles

27
Q

What causes shingles?

A

chickenpox virus (varicella zoster) invades the posterior root ganglia of the spinal cord and remains latent until adulthood when activated due to psychological stress, infections (i.e. cold or flu), or sunburn.

28
Q

What is the phenomenon in which pain or discomfort from on organ is mistakenly referred to a dermatome?

A

referred visceral pain

29
Q

Why does the brain misinterpret impulses in referred visceral pain.

A

because the neurons from the same spinal segment innervate both the visceral region where the damage occurs and the superficial region to the pain is referred.

30
Q

A cardiac problem that manifests itself as pain in the left factory region and the medial side of the arm is an example of what?

A

referred visceral pain (T1-T5 nerves innervate both)

31
Q

What causes a brain freeze?

A

quick warming of the hard palate after consuming cold stuff. After vasoconstriction the vessels return to their normal state, resulting in massive dilation of the arteries that supply the palate. The nerves in the palate transmit this sensation as pain to the trigeminal nerve.

32
Q

What is it called when a single nerve root innervates a muscle (the muscle equivalent of dermatome)?

A

myotome

33
Q

What is a network of interweaving spinal nerves called?

A

nerve plexus

34
Q

Which nerves do not form plexuses?

A

T2-T12 and S5-Co 1

35
Q

What prevents the damage of a single segment of spinal nerve from resulting in complete loss of innervation to a particular muscle or region of skin?

A

nerve plexus

36
Q

Where are the left and right cervical plexus located?

A

deep on each side of the neck, immediately lateral to C1-C4 vertebrae (formed by C1-C4 nerves)

37
Q

What does the phrenic branch of the cervical nerve innervate?

A

the diaphragm

38
Q

What causes hiccups (aka singultus)?

A

irritation to the phrenic nerve

39
Q

What network of nerves supplies the upper limb?

A

the brachial plexus (formed by C5-T1 nerves)

40
Q

What are the five major named nerves that arise from the brachial plexus?

A 
axillae nerve (deltoid/teres minor muscles)
median nerve (moves forarm, receives sensory info from palmar side/dorsal tips of fingers 1-3/lateral side of 4)
muscuolcutaneous nerve (moves anterior arm muscles, sensory info from lateral surface of forearm)
radial nerve (innervates triceps, sensory info posterior arm, forearm on the dorsolateral side of hand)
Ulnar nerve (moves anterior forearm/palm muscles, sensory info skin of dorsal and palmar aspects of fingers 5/medial half of 4)
41
Q

What plexus is formed by spinal nerves L1-L4 and located lateral to the L1-L4 vertebrae and along the psoas major in the posterior abdominal wall?

A

the left/right lumbar plexus

42
Q

What are the two principal named nerves that arise from the lumbar plexus?

A 
FEMORAL NERVE (innervates: quads, sartorial and iliopsoas. Sensory: anterior and inferomedial thigh/medial aspect of the leg)
OBTURATOR NERVE (innervates: gracilis/thigh muscles. sensory: superomedial skin of thigh)
43
Q

What is the condition called when the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve is compress by tight underwear, belts, waistbands and causes pain, tingling, a burning sensation, or numbness in the outer side of the thigh?

A

meralgia parethetica

44
Q

What plexus is formed from spinal nerves L4-S4 and is located immediately inferior to the lumbar plexus?

A

the l/r sacral plexus

45
Q

What are the two main nerves that arise from the sacral plexus?

A

SCIATIC (largest nerve in body, splits into tibial nerve: I: hamstrings, gastrocnemius, soleus. S: skin on sole of foot. common fibular nerve I: peroneus longs, tibias anterior. S: anterolateral part of the leg, the toes, the dorsal surface of foot.) dude idk. look at page 187 on sunday.

46
Q

What is the serious neurological condition in which damage to the caudal equina causes loss of function of nerve roots of the spinal canal below the termination (conus medullaris) of the spinal cord called?

A

cauda equina syndrome

47
Q

Tumors, needle trauma (spinal taps/epidurals), lumbar fractures, severe disc herniation, spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal), inflammatory conditions, or blood patches are all causes of what neurological condition?

A

cauda equina syndrome

48
Q

How is cauda equine syndrome treated?

A

surgical decompression (laminectomy) as rapidly as possible (6-24 hrs. of symptoms developing)

49
Q

How is cauda equine diagnosed?

A

loss of sensation in cher perineal and upper medial thigh region (saddle anesthesia) bladder and bowel dysfunction, sciatica, sexual dysfunction, and weakness in both legs that may lead to paraplegia.

50
Q

Where do the cranial and spinal nerves form from in the neural tube (developing)?

A

the neural crest cells

51
Q

Trauma to the spinal cord above C3 typically leads to…?

A

death by asphyxiation because innervation the intercostal muscles an innervation to the diaphragm is lost (christopher reeve).

52
Q

Trauma between C4 and C7 typically results in what?

A

quadriplegia. if spinal nerves C3-4 are intact the person will still have functioning phrenic nerves and be able to breathe with just their diaphragm and not be dependent upon a mechanical respirator.

53
Q

Trauma between T1-L1 may lead to what?

A

paraplegia which is paralysis of both lower extremities and generally the lower trunk.

Anatomy (5 decks)

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