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1st year Medicine > MCBoM- Tumours > Flashcards

MCBoM- Tumours Flashcards

1
Q

Malignant, bone

A

Osteosarcoma

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2
Q

Benign, cartilage

A

Chondroma

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3
Q

Malignant, cartilage

A

Chondrosarcoma

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4
Q

Benign, fat

A

Lipoma

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5
Q

Malignant, fat

A

Liposarcoma

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6
Q

Benign, smooth muscle

A

Leiomyoma

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7
Q

Malignant, smooth muscle

A

Leiomyosarcoma

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8
Q

Benign, skeletal muscle

A

Rhabdomyoma

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9
Q

Malignant, skeletal muscle

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

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10
Q

Benign, blood vessels

A

Hemangioma

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11
Q

Malignant, blood vessels

A

Angiosarcoma

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12
Q

Benign, melanocytic (skin pigment)

A

Naevus

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13
Q

Malignant, melanocytic

A

Melanoma

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14
Q

Benign, meningeal

A

Meningeioma

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15
Q

Benign, nerve sheath

A

Neurofibroma

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16
Q

Malignant, nerve sheath

A

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour

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17
Q

Benign, mixed structures

A

Mature teratoma

18
Q

Malignant, mixed structures

A

Immature teratoma

19
Q

Benign, bone

A

Osteoma

20
Q

Hamartoma

A

Developmental malformation, mass of disorganised but mature specialised tissue indigenous to site, eg birthmark

21
Q

Dysplasia

A 
Disordered growth
Variable cell shape and size
Deeply stained nuclei
Increased number of cell divisions
High nuclear:cytoplasm ratio
22
Q

Grading

A

Degree of differentiation

1-3-anaplastix

23
Q

Staging

A

Extent of disease spread

TNM or I - IV

24
Q

Apoptosis mechanism

A

Mitochondria release cytochrome c to cytoplasm
Binds to APAF 1 (apoptosis protease factor) to form wheel of death
Activates to form apoptosome

25
Q

Proto oncogenes examples

A

C ras, c myc, N myc, EGF

Promote proliferation

26
Q

Tumour suppressor genes examples

A

Rb, p53, APC (adenomatous polyposis coli), TGF beta

Arrest growth at G1/S checkpoint

27
Q

Primary abnormalities

A

Gatekeepers

Genes whose mutation or altered expression relieves normal controls and promotes outgrowth of cancer cells

28
Q

Secondary abnormalities

A

Caretakers

Genes whose disruption caused genome instability, increasing the frequency of alteration in gatekeeper genes

29
Q

Gain of function mutation

A

Dominant effect, one defective allele needed

Proto oncogene to oncogene

30
Q

Loss of function mutation

A

Both alleles need to be inactivated to give phenotypic change
Tumour suppressor gene to non functioning

31
Q

Growth factors

A

Epidermal and platelet derived GFs-> stimulates growth and leads to cascade for cyclin D and proliferation

Transforming growth factor beta-> inhibitory, switches on CDK inhibitor protein so stops proliferation

32
Q

Colorectal tumour initiation

A

Mutation stops destruction complex from forming, so beta catenin is deregulated
Beta catenin can then switch on genes that drive cell survival and proliferation

33
Q

E-cadherin

A

Cell surface transmembrane proteins expressed by cells
Mediates cell-cell adhesion
Acts as receptor and ligand, bind to each other and to catenins in cell which are bound to cytoskeleton
Ca dependent
Tumour suppressor, down regulated in tumour invasion

34
Q

Integrins

A

Cell surface transmembrane proteins
Alpha and beta units
Mediate cell-ECM adhesion
Provides polarity for survival and migration

35
Q

Lymphatic spread

A

Mainly carcinomas (epithelial)

36
Q

Haematogenous spread

A

Mainly sarcomas (mesenchymal) through blood vessels

37
Q

Transcoelomic spread

A

Through body cavities

Mainly carcinoma

38
Q

HPV

A

DNA oncogenic virus
Viral DNA integrated to host genome
Clonal integration, same site on same chromosome
Leads to overexpression of E6 and E7 proteins, prevents inhibition of CDK4 and facilitates degradation of p53 gene product

39
Q

Epstein-barr

A

DNA oncogenic virus

BURKITTS LYMPHOMA
B cell neoplasm
Should be controlled by immune system, but in Africa chronic malaria favours spread, endemic
Overexpression of c-myc oncogene

B CELL LYMPHOMA
In immunosuppressed individuals
Tumours in lymphoid tissue or CNS

HODGKINS DISEASE
Distinctive neoplastic giant cells
Express LMP1 which has transforming activity

NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA
Affects epithelial cells of oropharynx and B lymphocytes
Episome genome, doesn’t integrate

40
Q

Hepatitis B

A

DNA oncogenic virus
Chronic persistent infection
HBx protein binds to p53, disrupts growth control of liver cells leading to cirrhosis

41
Q

Human T cell leukaemia

A

RNA oncogenic retrovirus

Infection by transmission of infected T cells by fluid exchange

1st year Medicine (12 decks)

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