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Nursing Assistant > Chapters 32-36 > Flashcards

Chapters 32-36 Flashcards

1
Q

Special cell, sends and receives information

A

Neuron

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2
Q 
Parts of the neuron:
\_\_\_\_\_ receive information
\_\_\_\_\_ sends information
\_\_\_\_\_ gap between neurons
\_\_\_\_\_ protective sheath around axon
A

dendrites

axon

synapse

myelin

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3
Q

The _____ nervous system (brain and spinal cord) is protected by:

  • connected tissue called _____
  • the bony skull (brain)
  • vertebra (spinal cord)
A

central

meninges

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4
Q

The three layers of the _____:

  • pia mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • dura mater
A

meninges

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5
Q

Space between pia mater and arachnoid mater is filled with _____

A

cerebral spinal fluid

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6
Q

Controls the voluntary movement of muscles

  • gives meaning to information received from eyes, ears, nose, taste buds, and sensory receptors in the skin
  • allows us to speak, remember, think, and feel emotions
A

cerebum

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7
Q

The right and left hemispheres:

  • communicate with each other
  • are connected by a structure called the
A

corpus callosum

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8
Q

The diencephalon:

  • the _____ sorts out the impulses that arrive via the spinal cord from other parts of the body
  • sends them to the correct part of the cerebrum
A

thalamus

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9
Q
  • controls body temp, fluid balance, appetite, sleep cycles, and some of the emtions
  • regulates pituitary gland
A

hypothalamus

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10
Q

The ____ connects the spinal cord to the brain and has 3 parts:

  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla

Controls respiration, heart best, and blood pressure

A

brain stem

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11
Q

The ____ helps coordinate the brains commands to the muscles, allowing for smooth and orderly movement

A

cerebellum

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12
Q

The ____ is the main connection between the brain and the rest of the body

A

spinal cord

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13
Q

Pathways of the nerve tissue in the spinal cord called ____ carry messages to and from the body

A

tracts

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14
Q

_____ tracts carry information from the peripheral nervous system to the brain

_____ tracts carry information from the brain to the peripheral nervous system

A

ascending

descending

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15
Q

Part of the peripheral nervous system, carry information from the internal organs and the outside world, to the spinal cord and up to the brain

A

sensory nerves

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16
Q

Part of the peripheral nervous system, carries commands from the brain down the spinal cord, to the muscles and organs of the body

A

motor nerves

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17
Q

The _____ regulates what is going on within the body and make adjustments as necessary to keep things within the range of normal (homeostasis)

A

nervous system

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18
Q

When the central nervous system detects an imbalance, a special part of the peripheral nervous system, called the _____ is activated

A

autonomic system

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19
Q

The ____ nervous system starts actions or speeds things up (fight or flight)

A

sympathetic nervous system

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20
Q

The _____ stops those actions or slows them back down

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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21
Q

The ____ allows us to interact with the world around us

A

nervous system

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22
Q

The amount of _____ surrounding the axons decreases reducing the speed of the nerve conduction by 10%

A

myelin

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23
Q

_____ imbalances can interfere with the ability of nerve impulse to travel across a synapse, slowing conduction

A

neurotransmitter

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24
Q

Temporary episodes of dysfunction caused by a decreased blood flow to the brain
-takes 24 hours to completely recover

A

transient ischemic attacks

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25
Q

Common symptoms of ____:

  • dizziness
  • nausea
  • blurry or loss of vision
  • double vision
  • paralysis on one side of body or face without loss of sensation
  • inability to speak or swallow
A

TIA

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26
Q

Also known as a brain attack or cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is completely blocked causing tissue to die

A

stroke

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27
Q

Possible signs of _____:

  • personality changes
  • drooping of the eyelid or corner of the mouth
  • slurring of speech
  • paralysis
  • severe headache
  • loss of consciousness
A

stroke

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28
Q

_____ is most often caused by a blood clot that blocks flow to part of the brain, or cerebral hemorrhage

  • smoking
  • atherosclerosis
  • hypertension
  • daibetes
A

stroke

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29
Q

Effects of ____:

  • hemiplegia
  • aphasia
  • expressive aphasia
  • receptive aphasia
A

stroke

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30
Q

Paralysis on one side of the body

A

hemiplegia

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31
Q

A general term for a group of disorders that affect the persons ability to communicate with others

A

aphasia

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32
Q

Inability to speak or form sounds into meaningful words

A

expressive aphasia

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33
Q

Inability to understand the meaning of words

A

receptive aphasia

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34
Q

A neurotransmitter called dopamine is not produced in sufficient amount
The brains instructions regarding muscle movement never reach the muscle
Progressive disease

A

Parkinsons Disease

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35
Q

The effects of _____:

  • T: tremor
  • R: rigidity
  • A: akinesia-lack of movement
  • P: postural instability-unable to maintain balance
A

parkinsons disease

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36
Q
  • muscles become weaker and rigid
  • person may walk with a shuffling,leaning gait
  • hard for person to stop walking
  • skin disorders
  • sleep disturbances
  • incontinence
  • dementia
  • immobility

Effects of _____

A

parkinsons disease

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37
Q

Characterized by chronic seizure activity
Causes:
-head injury
-brain infection
-stroke
-difficult birth resulting in the infant not receiving enough oxygen
-sometimes never determined

A

epilepsy

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38
Q

Characterized by generalized and violent contractions and relaxation of the bodys muscles

A

grand mal seizures

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39
Q

Seizures are mild and hardly noticeable

A

petit mal (absence)

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40
Q

Auto immune disorder
Immune system attacks and destroys the myelin sheaths that protect the nerves, resulting in faulty transmission of nerve impulses
Nerves in hands, feet, and eyes are usually affected first
Muscle weakness, tingling sensations, twitching of the eyes, and visual disturbances may be early signs
-paralysis in end stage

A

multiple sclerosis

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41
Q

______ has no cure, has meds to slow process

-one reasons young people become residents in long term care facility

A

MS

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42
Q

Also known as ALS or Lou Gehrigs disease

  • nerves are destroyed, resulting in progressive muscle weakness
  • late stage person is totally paralyzed yet their mind remains sharp
  • terminal illness
A

Amyptrophic Lateral Sclerosis

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43
Q
  • Deep state of unconsiousness from which person cannot be aroused
  • Recovery depends on cause and person
  • Totally dependent on others for all care
A

coma and persistent vegetative state

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44
Q
  • May be related to birth defects, trauma, or tumors

- type depends on location and severity of injury

A

spinal cord injury

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45
Q

Paralysis from the neck down

A

quadriplegia

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46
Q

Paralysis from the waist down

A

paraplegia

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47
Q 
Helps us to understand and interact with the world around us
Helps protect us from harm
Sense organs:
-eyes
-ears
-nose
-tastes buds
-touch
A

sensory system

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48
Q

Part of nervous system, consists of sensory receptors

  • specialized cells or groups of cells associated with a sensory nerve
  • converts a stimulus into a nerve impulse, which is then sent to the brain for interpretation, via the sensory nerve
A

sensory system

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49
Q

Receptors that are responsible for general sense, such as touch, position, and pain, located throughout the body

A

general sense

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50
Q

Receptors that are responsible for special sense such as sight, hearing, taste, and smell located in the specific sense organs

A

special sense

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51
Q

Sense of touch is made possible by ______ found in skin

-some allows us to sense pressure, known as deep touch

A

tactile receptors

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52
Q

Intolerance to prolonged pressure makes us shift our ____

  • found in the muscles, tendons, and joints
  • keep the brain informed about the position of various body parts
  • relay information to the brain about the degree of muscle contraction, especially when the muscle is contracting against resistance
A

position receptors

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53
Q

The bodies distress signal

  • referred to as the fifth vital sign
  • free nerve endings in the skin and the tissues of our internal organs allow us to detect ____
A

pain

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54
Q

Occurs when the brain cannot pinpoint the exact location of pain coming from an internal organ

A

radiating pain

55
Q

The senses of taste and smell are made possible by special cells in these areas called _____

A

chemoreceptors

56
Q

_____ detect chemicals in the food we eat, drink, and air we breathe
The chemical signal is changed to an electric one and carried by sensory neurons to the brain, which tells us what we are tasting or smelling

A

chemorecptors

57
Q

Each ____ consists of about 100 chemoreceptors

  • are bathed in fluid
  • fluid contains dissolved chemicals
A

taste buds

58
Q

Receptors that allow us to _____ are located on the roof of the nasal cavity

  • stimulated by chemicals dissolved in the moist mucus membrane lining of the nasal cavity
  • this sense is easily fatigued or worn out
A

smell

59
Q

The ____ is made of three layers of tissue”

  • sclera
  • choroid
  • retina
A

eyeball

60
Q

Tough outer layer of eye

  • made of connective tissue
  • most of it is white, but the front is called the ____ is clear
  • light passes through ____ to the inside of the eye
A

sclera

cornea

cornea

61
Q

Middle layer of the eye

  • contains the blood vessels that supply the ____ and other parts of the eye
  • at the front this structure also forms the ciliary body and iris
A

choroid

62
Q

Muscular structure that attaches to the lens and changes the shape of the lens, allowing the eye to focus

A

ciliary body

63
Q

Colored part of the eye with an opening in the center (pupil) which controls the amount of light that enters the eye

A

iris

64
Q

Innermost layer of the eye

  • contains receptors, called rods and cones, which turn light into nerve impulses
  • pulses travel through the optic nerve to the brain for interpretation
A

retina

65
Q

Located between the cornea and the lens, contains aqueous humor

A

anterior chamber

66
Q

Located between the lens and the retina, contains vitreous humor

A

posterior chamber

67
Q

The _____ is the film
The ____ and _____ control the amount of light that enters the eye
The ____ and ____ work to focus light rays onto the retina resulting in a clear image

A

retina

iris and pupil

cornea and lens

68
Q

nearsightedness is called ____

farsightedness is called _____

A

myopia

hyperopia

69
Q

When the lens becomes less flexible, affecting the ability to focus on objects that are close

A

presbyopia

70
Q

The ______ consists of the:

  • pinna and auricle
  • collects sound waves and direct them down the external auditory canal to the tympanic membrane
A

outer ear

71
Q

A short canal with small hairs and special glands that secrete ceremen, which helps to protect the ear canal by trapping dirt and other particles

A

external auditory canal

72
Q

Eardrum, separated outer and middle ear

A

tympanic membrane

73
Q

The ____ is an air space that contains:

  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
A

middle ear

74
Q

The opening of the _____

-connects the middle ear to the pharynx and serves to equalize the pressure in the middle ear

A

eustachian tube

75
Q

The most complex part of the ear is the ______, which contains receptors that make hearing and balance possible

A

inner ear

76
Q

Responsible for hearing, looks like a snail, filled with fluid

A

cochlea

77
Q

Two sac-like structures

A

vestibule

78
Q

3 structures containing fluid, for balance

A

Semicircular canals

79
Q

Sound waves are captured by the ____ and sent down the external auditory canal to the _____, causing it to vibrate

A

pinna

tympanic membrane

80
Q

Vibrations pass to the ______, the _____, and then to the _____ causing the oval window to vibrate, sending the vibrations through the fluid inside the _____

A

malleus, the incis, the stapes

cochlea

81
Q

The moving fluid stimulates the receptors inside the ____, which then send nerve impulses via the cochlear nerve to the brain

The brain interprets these nerve impulses as sound

A

cochlea

82
Q

When body position changes, receptors in the vestibular apparatus are stimulated, the receptors send nerve impulses via the vestibular nerve o the brain, the impulses tell the brain what the bodys position is relative to the ground

A

balance

83
Q

The tympanic membrane and ossicles become stiffer, and the number of sensory receptors decrease resulting on gradual loss to hear high pitched sounds
-person has trouble telling the difference between high pitched sounds like “th” and “s”

A

presbycusis

84
Q

Conductive hearing loss, otosclerosis

A

deafness

85
Q

Prolonged exposure to loud noise, presbycusis

A

sensorineural hearing loss

86
Q

_____ produce hormones and release them directly into the bloodstream

A

endocrine glands

87
Q

______ produce substances that are released into a hollow organ or onto a surface
-salivary glands and sweat glands

Are not part of the endocrine system

A

exocrine glands

88
Q
  • size of a cherry
  • lies beneath the brain
  • connected by a stalk, called infundibulum, to the hypothalamus
A

pituitary gland

89
Q

Located underneath the brain

A

pineal gland

90
Q
  • located in the neck
  • butterfly shaped, with two oval lobes located on either side of the larynx, connected by a narrow band of tissue called the isthmus
A

thyroid gland

91
Q

Four tiny glands that are embedded in the back of the thyroid gland

A

parathyroid gland

92
Q

Located in the upper part of the chest above the heart

A

thymus gland

93
Q

Located on top of the kidneys

A

adrenal glands

94
Q

Located in the abdomen

A

pancreas

95
Q

Are the ovaries in women and the testes in men

A

sex glands (gonads)

96
Q

The ______ controls many of the bodys processes, such as

  • growth and development
  • reproduction
  • metabolism
A

endocrine system

97
Q

Produce hormones, chemicals that act on cells to produce a response

  • hormones are released into bloodstream
  • hormone travels in blood until the target cell is reached
  • it attaches to a special receptor in the cell wall
  • attaching a hormone to a receptor causes a specific reaction in the cell
A

endocrine system

98
Q

The secretion of many hormones is initiated by ____

A

feedback system

99
Q

Acts of kidneys

  • limits the amount of water lost from body in the form of urine
  • causes kidneys to save body fluid by decreasing the amount of urine produced
  • a lack causes the kidneys to produce more urine, eliminating excess fluid from the body
A

antidiurectic hormone (ADH)

100
Q

Acts on uterus and mammary glands

  • causes labor to begin
  • lets down milk in the breasts of a nursing mother
A

oxytocin

101
Q

Produces hormone that stimulates the adrenal glands

-helps the body to cope with stress

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

102
Q

Stimulates milk glands of the breast

A

prolactin

103
Q

Regulates sleep wake cycle

  • stimulated by light and darkness
  • secretes during dark park of the day
A

pineal gland

104
Q

Produced thyoxine and calcitonin

A

thyroid gland

105
Q
  • sets the rate of metabolism for the cells of the body

- the more released the more the metabolic rate of cells increase, the less released the less the cell rate

A

thyroxine

106
Q

The thyroid gland needs ____ to produce thyroxine

A

iodine

107
Q

Can occur when a person is deficient of iodine

A

goiter

108
Q

Regulates the level of calcium in the bloodstream

  • transports the extra calcium to the bones
  • too much calcium in bloodstream causes muscles to become weak and slow to respond
A

calcitonin

109
Q

Cramping of the skeletal muscles and an irregular heart beat, may result if calcium level drops too low

A

tetany

110
Q

Increases the amount of calcium in the blood

  • causes calcium to be released from the bones into bloodstream
  • helps kidneys to keep calcium
  • stores calcium for later
A

parathyroid glands

111
Q

The actions of ____ and _____ balance each other and help to keep the levels of calcium in bloodstream constant

A

calcitonin and parathyroid gland

112
Q

If the _____ are surgically removed or become damaged by disease:

  • hormone is not produced in adequate amounts
  • calcium levels may drop, causing tetany
A

parathyroid gland

113
Q

_____ of the PTH gland can cause an overproduction of PTH that resukts in:

  • excess calcium being removed from the bones
  • fragile bones
  • formation of kidney stones
A

tumors

114
Q

Secretes thymosin

  • helps infection fighting T cells mature
  • an increase in the secretion stimulates the body to produce more T cells during an infection or illness
A

thymus gland

115
Q

Has two separate parts:

  • medulla or inner portion
  • cortex or outer portion
A

adrenal gland

116
Q

The ____ secretes two hormones: epinephrine and norepinephrine:

  • fight or flight
  • help the heart and lungs deliver more oxygen and nutrients to the muscles preparing the body to stand up and fight or flight
  • dry mouth
  • pounding heart
A

medulla

117
Q
  • help metabolize fats and proteins
  • maintain a reserve of glucose for stress
  • suppress inflammatory response
A

glucocorticoids

118
Q

Are given in the form of drugs for severe inflammatory disorders:

  • asthma
  • RA
  • severe allergic reactions

Ex: hydrocortisone

A

glucocorticoids

119
Q

Help regulate the level of certain minerals in the body, particularly sodium and potassium

-Aldosterone is the primary hormone in this group, helps kidneys to reabsorb sodium and secrete potassium

A

mineralocorticoids

120
Q

Is both an exocrine and endocrine gland

  • exocrine–produce enzymes into small intestne that help to digest food
  • endocrine–produce insulin and glucagon
A

pancreas

121
Q

Special cells within the pancreas, called islets of langerhans, produce and secrete ____

  • affects all body cells
  • allows glucose to be transported from the bloodstream into individual cells, where it is used for energy
  • lowers blood glucose level
A

insulin

122
Q

Responsible for raising the glucose level

-when glucose levels drop because they have not eaten in a while, the ____ secretes glucagon

A

pancreas

123
Q

Glucogon stimulates the _____ to release the glucose that has been stored into the bloodstream for energy

A

liver

124
Q

______ or Graves disease caused by the excessive secretion of thyroxine
-metabolic rate increases

A

hyperthyroidism

125
Q

_____ results when thyroxine secretion is too low
-in children, if left untreated it can result in a condition called cretinism -lack of physical growth and mental development

A

hypothyrodism

126
Q

_____ is more common in women and elderly

-treated by administering throxine in a pill form

A

hypothyrodism

127
Q

Two most common _____ disorders are

  • addisons disease
  • cushings syndrome
A

adrenal gland

128
Q

Adrenal cortex is destroyed, resulting in low levels of the adrenal cortical hormones

  • muscle weakness and atrophy
  • dark discolored skin
  • disturbances in bodys salt and water balance
  • hyertension

Person may need assistance with walking ROM

A

addisons disease

129
Q
  • excessive secretion of glucocorticoids
  • disorders in pituitary gland
  • high doses of steroid meds for a long time
A

cushings syndrome

130
Q
  • pocket of fat in the abdomen, on the back, and in the face
  • increased facial hair
  • high blood glucose levels

Signs and symptoms of _____

A

cushings syndrome

131
Q

Results when the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin
-most common of all endocrine gland disorders and leading cause of death among elderly

A

diabetes mellitus

132
Q

Caused by destruction of the insulin producing cells of the pancreas
-most common in children

A

type 1 diabetes mellitus

133
Q

Most common in overweight adults

  • pancreas still produces some insulin but cells of the body are unable to respond to insulin
  • unable to transport the glucose into cells
A

type 2 diabetes mellitus

134
Q

If a person does not eat at the recommended time after receiving her insulin, her blood glucose level can drop too low, resulting in a condition known as ______

A

insulin shock

Nursing Assistant (8 decks)

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