Special Senses Smell and Taste

Question 1

odorant R

Answer 1

located on cilia in mucus layer
multiple odorants can activate each R
activation of R leads to production of cAMP which will open an ion gate allowing Na and Ca in
continued activation will lead to decrease sensitivity of ion channel to cAMP

Question 2

activation of odorant R

Answer 2

each odorant activates different combinations of odorant R to produce its characteristic odor
higher concentrations of odorant will lead to activation of more R leading to change of perceived smell

Question 3

TAAR R

Answer 3

activation does not lead to conscious awareness of an oder

produces physiologic endocrine response to pheromones

Question 4

Granule cell body (smell)

Answer 4

found but not activated by olfactory cells
release GABA at junction w/ mitral and tufted cells
work to increase specificity of the message going to the olfactory cortex

Question 5

mitral cells (smell)

Answer 5

travel to olfactory cortex

release glutamate to excite granule cell

Question 6

tufted cells (smell)

Answer 6

travel to olfactory cortex

Question 7

periglomerular (smell)

Answer 7

release GABA at junction w/ other glomeruli and inhibit the activity from those glomeruli
odorant producing the strongest stimulation will suppress the input from other glomeruli that were not strongly activated

Question 8

smell transmission to the brain

Answer 8

olfactory R to glomerulus to mitral, tufted, and periglomerular cells to the lateral olfactory tract

Question 9

entorhinal cortex

Answer 9

important in memory formation

olfactory input facilitates both memory formation and recall

Question 10

piriform cortex

Answer 10

projects to lateral hypothalamus, controls appetite, can be controlled by olfaction
projects to medial orbitofrontal cortex to provide information that will be used to identify the flavor of foods, among other things

Question 11

olfactory cortex

Answer 11

sends input back to the olfactory bulb to modify the R responses to odorants

Question 12

sour taste

Answer 12

produced when hydrogen ion enters the taste bud via H ion channel

Question 13

salty taste

Answer 13

produced when sodium or calcium ion enter the taste bud via Na or Ca channel

Question 14

umami taste

Answer 14

R is metabotropic glutamate R activated by the AA glutamate

Question 15

sweet and bitter taste

Answer 15

use second messenger systems to depolarize the cell, not directly related to the metabotropic R that detect the umami

Question 16

transmission to the brain (taste)

Answer 16

NTS to thalamus to gustatory cortex

Question 17

perception of flavor

Answer 17

gustatory input from the gustatory cortex
olfactory input from the olfactory cortex
somatosensory information from the mouth

Question 18

sensation of flavor and appreciation of food

Answer 18

neurons from all three areas of cortex send axons to lateral posterior orbitofrontal cortex