Neuro

Question 1

path that is associated with afferent pupillary defect?

Answer 1

Marcus Gunn Pupil

Question 2

explain what “swinging flashlight test” is

Answer 2

paradoxical dilation of the pupil when light shine to the abnormal eye

Question 3

Horner syndrome is associated with what lesion?

Answer 3

spinal cord lesion above T1

Question 4

explain the path for pupillary light reflex

Answer 4

light enters retina and sends signal via CN2 to pretectal nuclei –> in midbrain, Edinger Westphal nuclei gives “bilateral consensual reflex”

Question 5

pt comes in with stroke and hydrocephalus. on MRI the pt has pinealoma. the physical exam indicated that the pt is having trouble looking upward, what is the dx?

Answer 5

Parinaud syndrome

Question 6

in Parinaud what is the lesion?

Answer 6

superior colliculi

Question 7

what is the precursor of melatonin?

Answer 7

tryptophan –> serotonin –> melatonin

Question 8

what are the 2 coenzymes for conversion of tryptophan to serotonin?

Answer 8

BH4, B6

Question 9

explain the path for mydriasis

Answer 9

1st neuron
2nd neuron
3rd neuron

Question 10

what happens in Marcus Gun pupil?

Answer 10

dec bilateral pupillary constriction when light is shone in affected eye relative to unaffected eye

Question 11

what are the causes for open glaucoma?

Answer 11

primary - unknown
secondary - 
1. blocked trabecular meshwork from WBC such as in uveitis
2. RBC from vitreous hemorrhage
3. retinal detachment

Question 12

DOC for gluacoma that reduces the aq. humor synthesis?

Answer 12

beta blockers (timolo, betaxolol, carteolol)

Question 13

what glaucoma drugs inc aq. humor outlflow?

Answer 13

cholinomimetics (pilocarpine, carbachol)

prostaglandin (latanaprost, PFG2alpha analog)

Question 14

2 types of drug for Alzheimer?

Answer 14

1. Memantine

2. Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, tacrine (AChE inhibitors)