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Biochemistry > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin A Use

A

Tx measles and AML: subtype APL (all trans retinoic acid)

Acne and wrinkles

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2
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

Night blindness
Dry scaly skin (xerosis cutis)
Corneal degeneration (keratomalacia)
Bitot spots (on conjunctiva)

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3
Q

Vitamin A excess

A

Acute: vertigo, blurred vision
Chronic: alopecia, hepatic toxicity, arthralgias, pseudo tumor cerebrum

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4
Q

Severe Vit A side effects

A

Teratogenic: negative pregnancy test and two forms of contraception before using isotretinoin

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5
Q

Fat soluble

A

Dissolves in fat: taken up by chylomicrons

More likely to be stored, greater chance of toxicity

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6
Q

Vitamin B1 Function

A

Thiamine
TPP used for: pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, transketolase
“ATP”

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7
Q

Vitamin B1 deficiency

A

Impaired glucose breakdown: (brain, heart affected first)

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and beriberi (malnutrition and alcoholism)

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8
Q

Vitamin A Goljan

A

Big game hunter who has headaches

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9
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

Confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia + confabulation

Damage to medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus and mammory bodies

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10
Q

Dry vs. wet beriberi

A

Dry: muscle wasting, foot drop
Wet: high output cardiac failure (biventricular dilation)

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11
Q

Diagnosis of B1 deficiency

A

Increased RBC transketolase activity following B1 administration

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12
Q

Vit B1 Goljan

A

Give IV thiamine before giving IV glucose in ER

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13
Q

Vitamin B2 function

A

Riboflavin: FMN

Redox reactions

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14
Q

Vit B2 deficiency

A

Cheilosis, corneal vascularization

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15
Q

Vitamin B3 function

A

Niacin

NAD/NADP

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16
Q

Vit B3 synthesis

A

Derived from TRYPTOPHAN

Need B2 and B6 (riboflavin and PLP)

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17
Q

Vit B3 use

A

Dyslipidemia: lower levels of VLDL and raises HDL

Take Asa with niacin to prevent facial flushing: due to prostaglandins, not histamine

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18
Q

Hartnup Disease

A

Autosomal recessive
Deficiency of neutral amino acid transporters in proximal renal tubular cells and on enterocytes
Decreased tryptophan–>pellagra like s/s.
Tx: high protein diet and nicotinic acid

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19
Q

Vit B3 deficiency

A

Glossitis
Pellagra: dermatitis (Broad collar rash), dementia and diarrhea
–hyperpigmentation of sun exposed limbs

20
Q

Vit B5

A

Pantothenic acid
Component of Coenzyme A
Fatty acid synthase

21
Q

Vitamin B6 function

A

Pyridoxine

Necessary for heme synthesis, transamination reactions and neurotransmitters (serotonin, epi, NorE, dopa, GABA)

22
Q

Vit B6 deficiency

A

Convulsions, hyper-irritability, peripheral neuropathy
Inducible by ISONIAZID
Causes SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIA

23
Q

Vit B7

A

Biotin

Carboxylation enzymes

24
Q

Vit B7 deficiency

A

Rare
Antibiotic use or raw egg white ingestion
Go Bald, dermatitis, enteritis

25
Q

Vitamin B9

A

Folate
Converted to THF and used for 1 carbon methylation reactions
Synthesis of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA
Found in leafy green veggies
Absorbed in jejunum
Stored in liver

26
Q

Vit B9 deficiency

A

Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Glossitis
No neuro s/s and NO elevation of methylmalonic acid
Increased homocysteine
MOST COMMON VIT DEFICIENCY IN THE US
May be drug induced: phenytoin, sulfonamides, methotrexate

27
Q

Vit B12

A

Cobalamin
Cofactor for methionine synthase: transfer of methyl group onto homocysteine –> methionine
Found ONLY in animal products–vegans beware!

28
Q

Vit B12 deficiency

A

Malabsorption: diphyllobothrium Latum, Sprue, enteritis
Lack of intrinsic factor: pernicious anemia, gastric bypass surgery
Absence of terminal ileum: surgical resection for Crohn’s disease
insufficient intake: vegans

29
Q

Vit B12 deficiency s/s

A

Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Paresthesias and SUBACUTE COMBINED DEGENERATION
Increased homocysteine and MMA

30
Q

Vit C

A

Antioxidant
Hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis
Dopamine beta hydroxylase: concerts dopa to NorE

31
Q

Vit C use

A

TX for methemoglobinemia : Fe3–>Fe2 (binds Oxygen, FERROUS)

32
Q

Vit C deficiency

A

Scurvy: swollen gums, bruising, HEMARTHROSIS, peri follicular hemorrhages, corkscrew hair,
Weakened immune response

33
Q

Vit C Goljan

A

old person on “tea and toast” diet will be deficient in Vit C

34
Q

Vit C excess

A

N/v/d

Calcium palate nephrolithiasis – STONES

35
Q

Vit D

A

Increase intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, increased bone mineralization at low levels, increased bone resorption at higher levels

36
Q

Vit D deficiency

A

Children: RICKETS, craniotabes-softening of skull bones
Adults: osteomalacia

Breastfed infants should receive ORAL Vit D

37
Q

Vit D excess

A

Granulomatous disesae= SARCOID (increased activation of Vit D by epitheliod macrophages)
Hypercalcemia/uria = kidney stones!
Loss of appetite, stupor

38
Q

Vit E

A

Tocopherol
Antioxidant (protects from free radical damage)
ENHANCES ANTICOAGULATION EFFECTS OF WARFARIN

39
Q

Vit E deficiency

A

Hemolytic anemia, spinocerebellar tract demyelination-neuro presentation similar to Vit B12

40
Q

Vit E toxicity

A

Prevents Vit K factor synthesis (if patient is also on warfarin, they become EXTREMELY ANTICOAGULATED!!)

41
Q

Vit K

A

Cofactor for gamma carboxylate on of glutamic acid residues on various proteins required for blood clotting
Synthesized by intestinal flora
Necessary for protein C, S and factors 10, 9, 7, 2
Warfarin-Vit K antagonist

42
Q

Vit K deficiency

A

Neonatal hemorrhage with increased PT and PTT, but NORMAL BLEEDING TIME
GIVE NEWBORNS VIT K INJECTIONS
May also occur after Ab use

43
Q

Goljan Vit K

A

Rat poison = Vit K

Child gets into grandparent’s warfarin= anticoagulated

44
Q

Zinc function and deficiency

A

Transcription factor motifs
Delayed wound healing
Old person with abnormal taste and smell, acrodermatitis enteropathica (rash around eyes, mouth, nose and anus)

45
Q

Vitamin A function

A

Retinal - antioxidant
Visual pigments
Differentiation of epithelial cells into specialized tissue

Biochemistry (10 decks)

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