Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry > Metabolism 83-89 > Flashcards

Metabolism 83-89 Flashcards

1
Q

Ethanol metabolism limiting reagent

A

NAD+
Increased NADH/NAD ratio in the liver causes
Pyruvate–>lactate (lactic acidosis)
Oxaloacetate–>gluconeogenesis (fasting hypoglycemia)
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate –> G3P (hepato steatosis)
Changes seen in CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fomepizole

A

Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase

Antidote for methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Disulfiram

A

Inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

Accumulation of acetaldehyde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Metabolic processes in mitochondria

A 
Fatty acid oxidation 
Acetyl - CoA production 
TCA cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
Ketogenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Metabolic processes in cytoplasm

A 
Glycolysis
HMP shunt 
Steroids
Proteins (ribosomes, RER)
Fatty acids
Cholesterol
Nucleotides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic metabolic processes

A

Heme synthesis
Urea cycle
Gluconeogenesis
“HUGs take two”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

RD enzyme of glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Regulation of PFK 1

A

Increased by AMP, fructose 2,6 bisphosphate

Inhibited by ATP and citrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

RD enzyme of gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Regulation of fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase

A

Inhibited by AMP and fructose 2, 6 bisphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

RD enzyme of TCA cycle

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Regulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase

A

Increased by ADP

Inhibited by ATP, NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ethanol metabolism pathway

A

Ethanol –etoh dehydrogenase–>acetaldehyde –acetaldehyde dehydrogenase–>acetate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

RD enzyme of glycogenesis

A

Glycogen synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Regulation of glycogen synthase

A

Increased by G6P, insulin, cortisol

Inhibited by epinephrine and glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Regulation of glycogen phosphorylase

A

Increased by epinephrine, glucagon, AMP

Inhibited by G6P, insulin and ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

HMP shunt rate limiting enzyme

A

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase regulators

A

Increased by NADP

Inhibited by NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

De novo pyrimidine synthesis rate determining enzyme

A

Carbamoyle phosphate synthetase II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Carbamoyle phosphate synthetase II regulators

A

Increased by PRPP, ATP

Inhibited by UTP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

De novo purine synthesis rate limiting enzyme

A

Glutamine PRPP amidotransferase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Gluamine PRPP amidotransferase regulators

A

Inhibited by AMP, IMP and GMP

24
Q

Urea cycle rate limiting enzyme

A

Carbamoyle phosphate synthetase II

25
Q

Carbamoyle phosphate synthetase I regulators

A

Increased by N-acetylglutamate

26
Q

Fatty acid synthesis rate limiting enzyme

A

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

27
Q

Acetyl CoA carboxylase regulators

A

Increased by insulin and citrate

Inhibited by glucagon and palmitoyl-CoA

28
Q

Fatty acid oxidation rate limiting enzyme

A

Carnitine acetyltransferase I

29
Q

Carnitine acetyltransferase I regulators

A

Inhibited by Malonyl CoA

30
Q

Ketogenesis rate limiting enzyme

A

HMG CoA SYNTHASE

31
Q

Cholesterol synthesis rate limiting enzyme

A

HMG CoA REDUCTASE

32
Q

HMG CoA REDUCTASE regulators

A

Increased by insulin and thyroxine

Inhibited by glucagon and cholesterol

33
Q

What chemical causes glycolysis to produce zero net ATP?

A

Arsenic

34
Q

Processes that NAPH are used in

A

Anabolic
Respiratory burst
P450 system
Glutathione reductase

35
Q

Hexokinase or glucokinase catalyze?

A

Glucose –> G6P (1st committed step of glycolysis/glycogen synthesis)

36
Q

Hexokinase vs. glucokinase

A

Hexokinase
Most tissues, low Km, low Vmax, NOT induced by insulin, Feedback inhibited by G6P, gene mutation associated with diabetes of the young? NO
Glucokinase
Liver and pancreas beta cells, high Km and High Vmax, INDUCED BY INSULIN, not inhibited by G6P, Gene mutation is associated with maturity onset diabetes of the young

37
Q

Glycolysis steps that require ATP and produce ATP

A

Require ATP: Hexokinase/glucokinase and PFK1

Produce ATP: phosphoglycerate kinase, Pyruvate kinase (formation of 3 PG and Pyruvate)

38
Q

PFK1 induction by fructose 2,6 bisphosphate

A

Increased PFK2 activity in fed state (increased insulin –> decreased cAMP–>decreased protein kinase A=not phosphorylated)
Increased F 2,6 BP = increased PFK activity

39
Q

Inhibition of PFK1

A

Fasting state (increased glucagon –> increased cAMP –> increased PKA –> increased FPBase) = gluconeogenesis

40
Q

Arsenic poisoning

A

Inhibits lipoid acid

S/s vomiting, rice water stools and GARLIC BREATH

41
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A

Links glycolysis and TCA cycle
5 cofactors: thiamine, lipoid acid, CoA (B5), FAD (B2), NAD (B3)
Same cofactors as alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
“Tender Loving Care for Nobody”

42
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency

A

Excess Pyruvate shunted to lactate and alanine

X linked

43
Q

Treatment for Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency

A

Increase intake of ketogenic nutrients (high fat content or increased lysine and leucine)
LYSINE + LEUCINE (pureLy ketogenic amino acids)

44
Q

Pyruvate metabolic pathway choices (4)

A
  1. Alanine (alanine aminotransferase + B6)–> liver
  2. Oxaloacetate (Pyruvate carboxylase + biotin) –> gluconeogenesis
  3. Acetyl-CoA (Pyruvate dehydrogenase: B1, B2, B3, B5 and lipoic acid) –>TCA cycle
  4. Lactate (lactic acid dehydrogenase + B3) anaerobic glycolysis
45
Q

Kreb’s Cycle produces

A

3 NADH, 1FADH2, 2CO2, 1GTP = 10 ATP/acetyl CoA

46
Q

Kreb’s Cycle Steps

A

“Cee I kan shit shit from my Oss”

Citrate, isocitrate, alpha ketoglutarate, succinylCoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate

47
Q

Electron transport chain location and flow of protons

A

Located in the inner mitochondrial membrane

H are pumped into the intermembrane space and flow into the mitochondrial matrix

48
Q

Complexes that receive electrons from NADH and FADH2

A

Complex I: NADH

Complex II: FADH2

49
Q

Compounds that inhibits the electron transport chain

A

I: rotenone, MPP , Amytal
III: antimycin
IV: cyanide, CO, N3, H2S

50
Q

ATP synthase inhibitors:

A

Oligomycin

51
Q

Uncoupling agents

A

Produce heat
2,4 dinitrophenol (weight loss)
Asa
Thermogenin (brown fat)

52
Q

Gluconeogenesis irreversible enzymes

A

Pyruvate carboxylase
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
Fructose 1,6 biphosphatase
Glucose 6 phosphatase

53
Q

Pyruvate carboxylase

A

Mitochondria
Pyr–> oxaloacetate
Requires biotin

54
Q

PEP carboxykinase

A

Oxaloacetate –> PEP

Cytosolic

55
Q

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

A

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate –>fructose 6 phosphate

56
Q

Glucose 6 phosphatase

A

G6P–>glucose

57
Q

Purpose and location of gluconeogenesis

A

Primarily in liver
Maintain euglycemia during fasting
(Enzyme deficiency - hypoglycemia)

Biochemistry (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions