5.1 content general (clinical) Flashcards
(26 cards)
what are diagnostic manuals?
- contain info needed for clinicians to make objective and reliable diagnoses
- they classify disorders into diff types and show symptoms of disorders
why are diagnostic manuals used?
- different people may interpret the same symptoms as different illnesses (subjective)
- gives a standardised way to identify mental disorders so people get the right treatment
what is the DSM-5?
- 5th version of the manual published in 2013 which is regularly updated every 10 years
- mental health disorders that are no longer valid are removed and newly defined disorders are added
how is DSM-5 structured?
- section 1 — gives info on how to use system
- section 2 — details the diff disorders in categories which are linked by similar causes or symptoms
- section 3 — info on impact of culture on how symptoms are presented and communicated
how do you use DSM 5?
- based on unstructured clinical interviews with no specific set of questions
- clinician will use symptoms in the manual alongside interviews and medical records to gain info on client
- some diagnoses require months of interviews
what is ICD 11?
- supported by WHO And is updated every 10 years
- free, aim is to improve healthcare across the world
- includes all diseases not just mental
- has groups of mental disorders (eg delusional), and diagnoses based on symptoms
how is ICD 11 structured?
- assigned codes and available in many languages
- allows diagnoses to be made for specific cultural groups
how is ICD 11 used?
- made using all info to clinician
- observe behaviours during sessions that indicate a specific disorder
- unstructured clinical interviews with no specific questions
what is reliability?
consistency in patients with same set of symptoms getting same diagnosis on mental health disorder
what is validity?
- measure of how correct a mental health diagnosis is
- patient needs to be diagnosed with the correct disorder and then given the correct treatment
what are the types of reliability?
- inter rater
- test retest
what is inter rater reliability?
- consistency between multiple judges
- if ratings are same/consistent then IR reliability is high
what is test retest reliability?
- consistency between trials
- if ratings are consistent then TR reliability is high
what’s a strength of reliability?
- brown
- excellent reliability for multiple mental health disorders
- TR reliability scores for OCD was 0.75
- suggests that DSM is a reliable diagnostic tool
what’s a weakness of reliability?
- regier
- IR reliability for anxiety - depressive disorder was 0.28 which is low level of reliability
- therefore, DSM even with updates has low reliability leading to incorrect treatments
what are the types of validity?
- concurrent
- predictive
- aetiological
what is concurrent validity?
when two diagnostic systems agree on same symptoms for a mental health disorder
what’s predictive validity?
diagnosis leads to a treatment that can be used to predict the course of the disorder
what’s aetiological validity?
when diagnosed with a disorder the known causes of the disorder are also present in the patients history
what’s a strength of validity?
- diagnosis can be accurate
- Kim found using the DSM, the concurrent validity of conduct disorder interviewing children and mothers observing antisocial behaviour
- therefore, shows if more than one source agrees with DSM, likely it is accurate
what’s a weakness of validity?
- Andrew’s
- found 68% agreement on ICD and DSM users on 1500 patients
- therefore, clinicians do not agree on a diagnosis when conducting them on the same patient, the validity will be inaccurate and invalid
what are the four Ds of diagnosis?
- deviance
- dysfunction
- danger
- distress
what’s deviance?
- people that do not follow social norms which is seen as abnormal
- extremely rare people can be considered deviant
what is distress?
- negative feelings occur inappropriately or persist longer than they should
- eg anxiety, isolation and fear
