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Neuro test 2 > 5.1 NT Systems > Flashcards

5.1 NT Systems Flashcards

1
Q

How are monoamines synthesized?

A

created by modifying certain AAs

Catecholamines (DA–> NE–> E) from tyrosine (via tyrosine hydroxylase)

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2
Q

Where are monoamines cell bodies located?

A

DA- SNPC/VTA; Tyr

NE- locus coreolus; Tyr

Epi- brainstem; Tyr

Serotonin- Raphe nuclei; Tryp

Histamine- tuberomammillary nucleus; His

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3
Q

How are cholinergic NTs synthesized?

A

ACh- synthesized by choline and acetate

Moved into clear vesicles via Vesicular Ach Transporter protein (VAchT)

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4
Q

How are cholinergic NTs degraded?

A

ACh- removed from synaptic through via acetylcholinesterase bound to post-synaptic cell membrane

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5
Q

What are the receptor characteristics for the Monoamines?

A

DA- D1, D2, D3

NE/E- Alpha and Beta adrenergics

5-HT: multiple ; 5HT6

Histamine- H1 and H2

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6
Q

What does it mean to say that serotonergic neurons are found in the raphe nuclei?

A

that is where their cell bodies are found; axons travel to different places

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7
Q

Where is ACh found in the brain?

A

found a lot in brainstem

on other side of lateral ventricle= basal ganglia- specifically the striatum- CNS (have lot of cholinergic neurons there)

Also found PNS- NMJ, autonomic pregaglionic synapses, PS post-ganglionic fibers, sympathetic post-ganglionic fibers innervating sweatl glands/muscle vasodilators, amacrine cells

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8
Q

What is the striatum in charge of?

A

control of voluntary motion

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9
Q

What are the midbrain and pons in charge of?

A

baseline excitation to cortex (brain arousal mechanism), REM sleep

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10
Q

What are the receptor characteristics for the cholinergic NT systems?

A

MUSCARINIC (metabotropic= serpentine); at least 5 subtypes

NICOTINIC = located at NMJ, synapses bw pre- and post-ganglionic cells in autonomic ganglia; other central synapses; 5 subunits coded for by 16 different genes

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11
Q

What are the subtypes of Acetylcholine receptor M1*?

A

M1 (neuronal): increase IP3/DAG (Gq)–> increase Ca2+

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12
Q

What are the subtypes of Acetylcholine receptor M4*?

A

presynaptic autoreceptor; striatum of basal ganglia

decrease cAMP (Gi)

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13
Q

What are the subtypes of Acetylcholine receptor M5*?

A

cerebrovasculature; dopaminergic neurons of basal ganglia

increase IP3/ DAG (like M1)

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14
Q

What are the subtypes of Acetylcholine receptor M2 and M3?

A

M2: decrease cAMP (Gi)–> increase K efflux

M3: smooth m. of bronchi, vasculature; endothelial cells of vasc (NO); increase IP3/DAG (Gq) –> increase Ca2+

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15
Q

How are monoamines removed?

A
  1. Reuptake by presynaptic terminal
  2. Two enzymes- MAO and Catchol-Omethyl transferase (COMT*) enzymatic destruction

^For both catecholamines and serotonin

For histamine: diamine oxidase degrades after uptake

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16
Q

What happens if you change the subunits of the nicotinic ACh receptor?

A

you change the properties of the channel

in some central synapses, it creates a nicotinic channel that allows more calcium in

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17
Q

What are the two major inhibitory AAs?

A

GABA (y-amino butyric acid) and glycine

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18
Q

What are some characteristics of GABA?

A

major inhibitory aa NT in CNS

widely distributed through HIGHER levels of CNS: cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia

spinal cord has least gaba

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19
Q

What is GABA critical in?

A

consciousness, motor control, vision (retina)

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20
Q

How is GABA synthesized?

A

from glutamate

Impt enzyme= glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)

also found in pancreatic islet; Abs found in T1D

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21
Q

How is GABA transported into vesicles and removed from synapse?

A

Transported into vesicles via Vesicular GABA Transporter Protein (VGAT)

removed from synapse via GABA transporter (GAT); NaCl co-transport

two forms = GAT1 (presynaptic terminal) and GAT2 (on glial cells surrounding synapse)`

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22
Q

What happens if GAT1 takes GABA up?

A

it is on presynaptic terminal; so GABA is repackaged into vesicles as is

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23
Q

What happens if GAT2 takes GABA up?

A

on astrocytes; glial cell/astrocyte will take up GABA converted to glutamate and will bring it back/convert it to glutamine and released to ECF, where its taken up by presynaptic terminal and recycled into GABA

repackaged and recycled!!

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24
Q

What are the types of GABA receptors?

A

GABA-A, B, and C

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25
What are the characteristics of GABA-A?
- ionotropic (Cl- conductance) - activation produces IPSP in adult neurons - multiple binding sites modulate: benzodiazepine site (sedatives), ethanol, certain steroids, which aLL POTENTIATE action of GABA - large number of extra-synaptic GABA-A receptors which are believed to be site of action for number of general anesthetics, including propofol
26
What happens when there is a Cl- influx with GABA around?
Cl-influx --> hyperpolarizes cells normally but Cl- leaves cell when GABA released
27
What are the characteristics of GABA-B?
-metabotropic, Gi/Go protein coupled activate a K+ channel (GIRK)--> goes out!! with positive charge produces slow IPSP close down (inhibit) Ca2+ channel presynaptically --> regulates NT release post-synaptically --> inhibition of post-synaptic cell
28
Where is Glycine found?
spinal cord (major), brainstem (medulla), much less in higher areas of CNS *almost exclusively on presynaptic side**
29
What is the function of glycine?
mediates many spinal inhibitions
30
How is glycine produced and removed from the synapse?
Production: unmodified aa Removal from synapse by GAT Proteins (same as GABA), recycling
31
What is the receptor for glycine like?
GlyR: ionotropic (Cl-) like GABA-A influx of Cl- leads to IPSP ethanol and general anesthetics bind to it and potentiate
32
What is an antagonist to the glycine receptor? What symptoms occur with blocking?
Stychnine binds to it and blocks it; prevents channel from opening Sx: causes convulsions (all activity normally suppressed isn't being suppressed anymore)
33
Why are purines long debated?
all synaptic vesicles contain ATP, which led to debate that it was required for metabolic function; some NT synthesis is completed in vesicles; recognized as co-transmitter first
34
How are purines synthesized and stored in vesicles?
ATP by mitochondria (pre-synaptic terminal has many) ATP--> ADP--> AMP--> Adenosine occurs in synaptic trough; AMP to adenosine by 5'-nucleosidase Stored in vesicle (VNUT protein)
35
Where are purines found?
Virtually everywhere in CNS (especially in CORTEX, CEREBELLUM, HIPPOCAMPUS, BASAL GANGLIA)
36
What are the purine receptors?
Two major classes: P1 ( A receptors) and P2 (P2X, P2Y)
37
What are P1 receptors' ligand and how does function vary for locations?
A receptors ligand= adenosine post-synaptic locations= sleep induction; general inhibition of neural function pre-synaptic locations= inhibition of NT release
38
What are P2 receptors' ligands?
P2X receptor- ionotropic; ligand= ATP; many subtypes P2Y receptor- metabotropic (like P1); ligand= ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP; Gs/Gq coupled
39
What are the functions of Purines?
Learning and memory (co-release with EAA) modification of locomotor pathways
40
Where are peptide transmitters made and transported? via what transport?
NT peptides made in SOMA transported down AXON via FAST axonal transport
41
What are the peptide transmitters?
opioids, tachykinins (SP), cholecystokinin, somatostatin, others
42
What peptides are included in the opioids?
endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins, and nociceptin
43
Where are opioids located?
striatum (basal ganglia), hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray, multiple pontine and medullary sites, raphe nuclei in brainstem
44
What are some general functions of opioids?
modification of nociceptive inputs (cutaneous senses) -pain relief, mood, and effect drug addiction/neurophysiology of emotion!!
45
What are the precursor molecules of opioids?
proopiomelanocortinin (PCOM)--> B- endorphins (from ACTH precursor) Pro-enkephalin--> Tyr-gly-gly-phe-x (Met or Leu) Pro-dynorphin --> 3 molecules of Leuk-enkephalin--> Dynorphin Orphanin FQ--> nociceptin
46
How are opioids synthesized and removed?
Synthesized by standard protein synthesis in cell body Removed from trough/cleft by probable reuptake and enzymatic degradation by ENKEPHALINASE and AMINOPEPTIDASE (breaks aa off- thats all needs !)
47
What receptors do opioids have? what are they?
mu receptors, kappa receptors, and delta receptors metabotropic (serpentine)--> activate second messenger systems with ligand binding (Gi/Go proteins)
48
What does activation of the mu opioid receptor cause? Leads to an increase in what?
ANALGESIA, RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION, EUPHORIA, constipation, sedation Gi (decreased AC)--> leads to an increase in K+ efflux and hyperpolarization
49
What does activation of the kappa opioid receptor produce?
ANALGESIA and DYSPHORIA mainly
50
What does activation of the delta opioid receptor produce?
ANALGESIA
51
What do the kappa and delta opioid receptors do in terms of ions?
decrease Calcium influx Go= leads to decreased Calcium influx (from decreased IP3/DAG)
52
What are identified endogenous cannabinoids?
anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2AG)
53
What was first identified of endocannabinoids?
exogenous chemicals such as THC- tetrahydrocannabinol
54
Where are endocannabinoids found?
broadly distributed in CNS BASAL GANGLIA(mood and motor performance) SPINAL CORD (modulation of nociception) CORTEX (neuroprotection) hippocampus (memory formation) hypothalamus (control of body energy/hunger- munchies)
55
How are endocannabinoids synthesized?
derived from membrane lipids (arachidonic acid) occurs in PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL
56
What are the receptors of endocannabinoids?
CB1 and CB2
57
Why is the CB1 important?
relevant for neurophysiology found on PRESYNAPTIC terminals of EAA and GABA releasing synapses reduces EAA and GABA release Gi coupled protein Anandamide and 2-AG equally effective!!!
58
Why is CB2 receptor important? where is it located?
Associated with immune system (Action: anti-inflammatory!!) located: microglia in barin, gut, immune system in general * In brain, CB2R activation increases B-amyloid removal *
59
Which NTs' receptors are only metabotropic?
Opioids and endocannabinoids
60
Which NTs' receptors are only ionotropic?
Glycine
61
Which Receptors are metabotropic?
nAChR, GABA-B, P1(A), P2Y, Mu,delta,kappa opioid, CB-1
62
Which receptors are ionotropic?
nAChR, GABA-A, GlyR, P2X

Neuro test 2 (15 decks)

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