510-1

Question 0

How many different types of cells are there in the human body?

Answer 0

200

Question 1

What is Histology?

Answer 1

The study of (normal/healthy) tissue

Question 2

What is a tissue?

Answer 2

2 or more different types of cells working together

Question 3

Name the 4 primary tissues.

Answer 3

1. ) Epithelial
2. ) Muscular
3. ) Connective
4. ) Neural

Question 4

What is an organ?

Answer 4

Two or more tissue types working together (with a distinct border).

Question 5

What is histotechnology?

Answer 5

The process of preparing a tissue for microscopy.

Question 6

What are the 7 steps of histotechnology?

Answer 6

1. ) Grossing and Fixation
2. ) Processing
3. ) Embedding
4. ) Sectioning
5. ) Staining
6. ) Coverslipping
7. ) Diagnosis

Question 7

What is grossing and fixation?

Answer 7

Grossing- the process of cutting a tissue sample to size and marking the margin/orientation with ink

Fixation- placing the specimen in a fixative (formaldehyde) to change the structure of the proteins and prevent bacterial decay
* don’t want to leave formaldehyde on the specimen for too long because it will break down into formic acid and damage the tissue

Question 8

What is processing?

Answer 8

Processing- placing the specimen in a series of solutions to draw water out of the sample and eventually replace the water with parafin wax (alcohol, xylene, limonene)

Question 9

What is embedding?

Answer 9

Embedding- the specimen is placed in a mold and liquid paraffin wax (crude oil) is poured over it. Once dry the mold is removed.

Question 10

What is sectioning?

Answer 10

Sectioning- the wax block is cut into very small sections (less than 1/2 the diameter of a cell) with an instrument called a microtome. The ribbon is transferred to a water bath to remove the wrinkles.

Question 11

What is staining?

Answer 11

Staining- wax is first removed from the specimen through a series of solvents because most stains are water soluble. The specimen is then stained for cellular contract (usually with hematoxylin and eosin).

Question 12

What is hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)?

Answer 12

The standard stain. Hematoxylin stains the cell nucleus blue. Eosin stains the cell cytoplasm, connective tissue, and erythrocytes orange/red.

Question 13

What is coverslipping?

Answer 13

Coverslipping- a coverslip is glues to the slide for preservation and protection.

Question 14

What is a diagnosis?

Answer 14

Diagnosis- a pathologist examines the slide and determines whether the tissue is healthy or abnormal.

Question 15

What is pathology?

Answer 15

The study of (abnormal) tissue.

Question 16

Name the 3 types of microscopy.

Answer 16

1. ) Light microscopy
2. ) Transmission electron microscopy
3. ) Scanning electron microscopy

Question 17

What is light microscopy?

Answer 17

Visible light is focused onto a glass lens and resolution is limited due to the wavelength of light (blurry).

Question 18

What is transmission electron microscopy?

Answer 18

High energy electrons are focused through a specimen using strong magnets. A 2D image is created.

Question 19

What is scanning electron microscopy?

Answer 19

High energy electrons are focused onto the surface of a specimen by strong magnets and the reflected electrons are detected. A 3D image is formed.

Question 20

What is a coronal and sagital section?

Answer 20

Coronal- slice through the side of the body

Sagital- slice through the midline of the body

Question 21

What is ground substance?

Answer 21

Substance between cells that is not water or fibrous proteins. It can be liquid (plasma), rubbery (cartilage), stony (bone), or elastic (tendon).

Question 22

What is simple epithelium?

Answer 22

One layer of cells.

Question 23

What is stratified epithelium?

Answer 23

2 or more layers of cells

Question 24

What is pseudostratified epithelium?

Answer 24

One layer of cells that look like more than one layer

Question 25

What are the 4 epithelial cell shapes?

Answer 25

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional

Question 26

What are 3 epithelial modifications?

Answer 26

Cilia, microvilli, keratinization

Question 27

What are the 4 types of connective tissue?

Answer 27

1. ) Embryonic connective tissue 2. ) Connective tissue proper (loose, dense, reticular, elastic) 3. ) Specialized connective tissue (hematopoietic, adipose) 3. ) Supportive connective tissue (cartilage, bone)

Question 28

What are the two main functions of muscles?

Answer 28

1. ) movement of bones | 2. ) movement of substance through hollow organs

Question 29

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

Answer 29

Cardiac, skeletal, smooth

Question 30

What are the two components of neural tissue?

Answer 30

Neurons and glial cells

Question 31

What is differentiation?

Answer 31

When an unspecialized cell becomes specialized (ex. ectoderm to skin)

Question 32

What is metaplasia?

Answer 32

When tissue changes from one type to another. Can be normal (ossification of cartilage) or abnormal (the trachea of smokers change from simple ciliated to stratified non-ciliated)

Question 33

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 33

Abnormal growth of number of cells non-tumerous (ex. prostate enlargement due to the increase in the number of prostate cells)

Question 34

What is Hypertrophy?

Answer 34

Growth of cells (ex. growth of muscled from exercise)

Question 35

What is Neoplasia?

Answer 35

Abnormal growth of tissue that forms a tumor. Can be benign (not life threatening) or malignant (life threatening)

Question 36

What is connective tissue?

Answer 36

Cells suspended in abundant extracellular matrix (the volume of ECM is greater than the volume of cells)