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Organisms and Environment > Evolution and taxonomy > Flashcards

Evolution and taxonomy Flashcards

1
Q

3 domains

A

Bacteria, archaebacteria, eukarya

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2
Q

Bacteria

A

Prokaryotes, ester links plasma membrane lipids

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3
Q

Archaebacteria

A

Prokaryotes, ether links plasma membrane lipids

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4
Q

Eukarya

A

Eukaryotes, ester links plasma membrane lipids

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5
Q

Darwin’s main propositions in 1859

A
  1. Random, heritable variation between species
  2. Variation occurs randomly
  3. Large abrupt changes are rare
  4. Small variations make more suited for environment are maintained and increase frequency
  5. Limited resources = survival of the fittest
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6
Q

Weaknesses of Darwin’s propositions

A

Weaknesses of Darwin’s propositions Time is needed for evolutionary change, nut teacart s 4500 MYA old
Heritability mechanisms unknown

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7
Q

Evidence for Darwin’s propositions

A
  1. Artificial selection
  2. Ecological genetics e.g. peppered moth
  3. Rapid effects of artificial selection e.g. antibacterial resistance
  4. Experimental synthesis of new species
  5. Molecular phylogenetic evidence
  6. Biogeographical evidence - plate tectonics and continental drift
  7. Fossil record
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8
Q

Mechanisms for evolutionary change

A
  1. Mutations
  2. Gene flow between populations
  3. Genetic drift (random changes in allele frequency): founder effect, bottleneck
  4. Non-random mating e.g. sexual selection
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9
Q

Stabilisation forces

A
  1. Stabilising selection e.g. human birth weight
  2. Directional selection e.g. TXX in gartner snakes protects toxin in newt prey
  3. Disruptive selection - favour in different directions
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10
Q

Species isolating mechanisms

A

Ecological - spacial and temporal (pre mating)

Reproductive - permeating (teportal, ethological mechanical) and postmating (prezyogitic and pos-zygotic)

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11
Q

Speciation

A
  1. Allopatric - geographical isolation
  2. Sympatric - reproductive isolation
  3. Parametric - on edge of species range
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12
Q

Panmaxis

A

Fully random mating (unlikely)

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13
Q

Interbreedng

A

Self fertilisation or cross fertilisation of closely relayed

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14
Q

Outbreeding

A

Higher inter breeding levels

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15
Q

Polymorphic phenotypes

A

Change in local phenotype - different local environment and selection pressures

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16
Q

Polyploidy

A

Changes in chromosome completes AA => AAA

17
Q

Hadean

A

3800 MYA, high tops, v high CO2, water, no life, organic molecules

18
Q

Archean

A

The beginning - 3800-2500 MYA, much ocean, v high CO2, negligible oxygen. First prokaryotes with self rep all marine. Photosynthetic cyanobacteria generate oxygen.

19
Q

Proterozoic

A

2500-542 MYA, oxygen deposits build up further, marine eukaryotes 1500 MYA,

20
Q

Cambrian

A

542-488 MYA, oxygen levels similar to today, rapid diversification, almost entirely marine (cambrian explosion), earliest vertebrates

21
Q

Ordovican

A

488-444 MYA, massive glaciers over Gondwanaland, drop sea level - 75% animal species extinct

22
Q

Silurian

A

444-416 MYA, marine life recovered, jawless fish, first terrestrial vascular plants and arthropods

23
Q

Devonian

A

416-259 MYA, Most jawless fish extinct, mass extinction of text at end. Terrestrial plants more diverse. First tetrapods

24
Q

Carboniferous

A

359-297 MYA, large glaciers, extensive swamp forests, diversity of terrestrial animals increased, flight evolved in insects

25
Q

Permian

A

297-251 MYA, Pangea, diverse fauna, lineage leading to mammals, most dramatic animal extinction at end, volcanic activity and decline in o2


26
Q

Triassic

A

251-200 MYA, pangea separates, o2 rises, diversification. Mass extinction, possibly due to meteorite

27
Q

Jurassic

A

Jurassic 200-145 MYA, early mammals, birds at end. Dinosaurs specialised, many could relate body temp, flight evolved separately in pterosaur reptiles and birds

28
Q

Cretaceous

A

145-65 MYA, high sea levels, warm and humid, increase diversity, first flowering plants, mass extinction - massive environmental change, possible due to meteorite


29
Q

Tertiary

A

65-1.8 MYA, continental similar to today, first hot and humid then cooler and drier

30
Q

Quaternaruy

A

1.8 MYA - dramatic cooling and climate fluctuations, 4 major ice ages

31
Q

Classification

A

The way organisms are sorted into taxa

32
Q

Systematics

A

Grouping species according to evolutional ancestory

33
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolution history of a group of organisms

34
Q

Order of taxa

A

Domain, kingdom, division/phylum, class, order, family, gents, species, subspecies, variety, form


35
Q

Monophyletic

A

All living descendants of a single ancestor

36
Q

Polyphyletic

A

Descendants for several different ancestors

37
Q

Paraphyletic

A

Basis of non-specilast or non-unique characters

Organisms and Environment (9 decks)

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