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Anatomy/ Physiology > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Regions of the Brain

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon
  • Brain Stem
  • Cerebellum
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2
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • more than half of the brain mass; made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sucli)
  • composed of four regions: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes
  • Gray matter: outer layer made up of cell bodies
  • White matter: fibers deep in the gray matter
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3
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • Sites of the brainstem
  • Made of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
  • Relay station for sensory impulses
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4
Q

Brain Stem

A
  • attaches to the spinal cord

- Made of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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5
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces

- Provides involuntary coordination and balance of voluntary movements.

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6
Q

Function of the Brain

A

-part of the CNS
-interneurons work to integrate information
-decided if a response to sensory information is needed
-three main regions of the brain:
-the brainstem
-limbic system
-cerebral cortex
Brainstem: basic survival needs
Limbic system: regulation of emotions and memory
Cerebral Cortex: higher-level mental processing

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7
Q

3 layers of Meninges

A
  • Dura Mater
  • Arachnoid layer
  • Pia mater
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8
Q

Dura Mater

A
  • Double-layered external covering
    - Periosteum—attached to inner surface of the skull
    - Meningeal layer—outer covering of the brain
    - Folds inward in several areas
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9
Q

Arachnoid Layer

A
  • Middle layer

- Web-like

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10
Q

Pia Layer

A
  • Internal layer

- Clings to the surface of the brain

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11
Q

Bone

A
  • Skull surrounds the brain

- Internal skull bones support the brain

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12
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A
  • Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body
    - Excludes many potentially harmful substances
    - Useless as a barrier against some substances
    - Fats and fat soluble molecules
    - Respiratory gases
    - Alcohol
    - Nicotine
    - Anesthesia
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13
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • Similar to blood plasma composition
    - Formed by the choroid plexus
    - Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain
    - Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord
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14
Q

How is the brain protected?

A
  • CSF
  • Blood-brain barrier
  • Capillaries
  • Bone
  • Meninges
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15
Q

Pons (Labeling)

A
  • Controls breathing (depth/rhythm of breathing)

- Also controls circadian rhythms

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16
Q

Thalamus (Labeling)

A
  • Relay station for sensory impulses passing upwards to the sensory cortex
  • “sensory switchboard” of the brain; deals with all sense except for smell that gets routed to the limbic system
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17
Q

Hypothalamus (Labeling)

A
  • Plays a role in regulating body temperature, water balance, and metabolism
    - Center of many drives and emotions
  • The reward center of the brain
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18
Q

Cerebellum (Labeling)

A
  • involved in producing smoothly coordinated skeletal muscle activity
  • Helps in keeping balance
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19
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct (Labeling)

A
  • the slender cavity of the midbrain

- connects the third and fourth ventricles

20
Q

Choroid Plexus (Labeling)

A
  • Forms Cerebrospinal Fluid

- Plexus: a bundle of nerves

21
Q

Pineal Gland (Labeling)

A
  • Produces melatonin
  • helps maintain circadian rhythm
  • regulates reproductive hormones
22
Q

Mammillary Body (Labeling)

A

-Reflex center involved with olfaction (smell)

23
Q

Corpora Quadrigemina (Labeling)

A

-Reflex centers for vision and hearing

24
Q

Cerebral Peduncle for the Midbrain (Labeling)

A

-Convey ascending and descending impulses

25
Q

Medulla Oblongatta (Labeling)

A
  • “Med-ic” of the body
  • Most vital part of the brain (Vital reflexes)
  • Controls many major functions of the body
    - Heart Rate
    - Blood Pressure
    - Breathing
    - Swallowing
    - Vomiting
26
Q

Pituitary Gland (Labeling)

A
  • the most influential gland in the endocrine system controlled by the hypothalamus
  • the neuroendocrine gland located beneath the brain
  • serves a variety of functions:
  • regulation of the gonads
  • thyroid
  • adrenal cortex
  • water balance
  • lactation
27
Q

Epithalamus

A
  • Forms the roof of the third ventricle
    • Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland)
    • Includes the choroid plexus—forms cerebrospinal fluid
28
Q

Gyruses vs. Sulcuses

A
  • Both make up surface of the brain
    • Ridges= Gyruses
      • Precentral Gyrus
    • Grooves= Sulcuses
      • Ex: Central Sulcus
29
Q

Concussion

A
  • Traumatic Brain Injury
  • Slight brain injury
    - No permanent brain damage
30
Q

Contusion

A
  • Traumatic Brain Injury
  • Nervous tissue destruction occurs
    - Nervous tissue does not regenerate
31
Q

Cerebral Edema

A
  • Traumatic Brain Injury
  • Swelling from the inflammatory response
  • May compress and kill brain tissue
32
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

-CSF accumulates and exerts pressure on the brain if not allowed to drain

33
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

A
  • Commonly called a stroke
    • The result of a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain
    • Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies
    • Loss of some functions or death may result
34
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • Progressive degenerative brain disease
    • Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age
    • Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons
    • Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion, and ultimately, hallucinations and death
35
Q

Lobes

A
  • Frontal:Motor area
    • Occipital: Visual area
    • Temporal: Auditory and Olfactory
    • Parietal: Primary somatic sensory area
36
Q

Primary Motor Area (Labeling Outside brain)

A

-deals with all of the motor function involving relaying information regarding voluntary movement

37
Q

Premotor Area (Labeling Outside Brain)

A
  • has many functions lying between the frontal lobe and motor cortex
  • deals with spatial reasoning
38
Q

Central Sulcus (Labeling Outside Brain)

A

-divides the parietal from the frontal lobe

39
Q

Primary Somatic Sensory Area (Labeling Outside Brain)

A

-responds to changes to internal sensory stimuli within the body

40
Q

Gustatory Area (Labeling Outside Brain)

A

-involved in taste

41
Q

Visual Area (Labeling Outside Brain)

A
  • located in the occipital lobe region

- used for interpreting visual stimuli

42
Q

Auditory Area (Labeling Outside Brain)

A

-located in the temporal lobe used to interpret auditory stimuli

43
Q

Olfactory Area (Labeling Outside Brain)

A
  • olfaction = smell

- interprets sensory cells of the nasal cavity

44
Q

Language Comprehension (Labeling Outside Brain)

A
  • deals with language reception

- damage to this area could lead to inability to comprehend language

45
Q

Broca’s Area (Labeling Outside Brain)

A
  • deals with language expression

- damage to this area could lead to an inability to vocalize words

46
Q

Frontal Association Areas (Labeling Outside Brain)

A

-association areas are used for high-level mental activities

Anatomy/ Physiology (19 decks)

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