All the Tudors par Henry VIII

Question 1

How did people feel about Elizabeth I on her ascension?

Answer 1

Mary’s reign
Lacked stability that would later be afforded to Oliver Cromwell by the Gentry
Passing (1558) not mourned
New optimism that Elizabeth I would be the new Deborah (‘the judge and restorer of israel) - 250
Elizabeth the ‘peacemaker’
pageant, chair garnished with red and white roses symbolising re-unification of houses of York/Lancaster
Seen as a saviour by the protestants, who hoped she would spread the word of the gospel

Question 2

Elizabeth I - Character

Answer 2

Character
Elizabeth ‘controlled her own policy more than any other tudor’ - 251
Henry III of France called her ‘the most beautiful woman in all the world’
Intelligent and well educated
Lack of preconceptions

Difficult character? 
Jealous of others’ sexual relationships 
Vane 
Focus on her prerogative caused problems for council and p.ment 
Unable to be manipulated 

Religious views
Moderate reformer
Rejected ‘popery’ but still Catholic
Rejected clerical marriage

Indecisiveness
‘vacillated’ when making key decisions
Sometimes a weakness
In terms of religious reform, strength, as didn’t impose radical ideas on a Protestant majority population
Also must be understood as partly due to subjects’ conservatism and financial weakness

Indecisiveness as political strength?
“Elizabeth mastered the political game”
Passive stance worked best with her financial position and more effective than joining all out Protestant war

Question 3

Elizabeth I - Factionalism in Elizabethan politics

Answer 3

Factionalism in Elizabethan politics
‘Athenians’ in late 1850s, dominant force
‘Marians’ were opposing force

Argues that ‘very little’ factionalism before the war with Spain, at best personal rivalries

Some feuding between Sir William Cecil and Earl of Leicester over who should marry queen

Disagreement between Leicester and Sussex over intervention in Netherlands

Not a case of opposing factions of ‘moderates’ (Cecil) and ‘Protestant ideologues’
Consensus in Privy Council on Foreign policy 1570s/80s and need to find successor for Elizabeth

Institutions organized to discourage factional dispute between Chamber/Council

Chamber officials were politicians, chamber officials were female relatives of these

Privy chamber staff not allowed to have external political allegiances

Only one stamp of queen’s signature

Question 4

Elizabeth I - lessening of religious persecution pre-settlement

Answer 4

Dec 1558, heresy trials stopped, prisoners released, prosecutions reviewed
Until Parliament could put forward a plan, people instructed to observe marian rites and preaching halted.
Device for the Alteration of Religion, 1558

Question 5

Elizabeth I’s style of policy making

Answer 5

Elizabeth’s policy making
Private and reserved
If discussed, with “inner circle”
Cecil, Parry, Leicester, Winchester, Pembrooke and Bacon

Walsingham, Hatton and Sir Thomas Bromley join ‘inner circle in late1580s

Question 6

Elizabeth I - Intervention in French Wars of Religion

Answer 6

Huguenots get 6000 troops and loan of £30 000
Calais would be restored as English territory
Cecil’s pièce justificative

Why? 
To defend christendom 
To prevent war spreading to England 
To attack Guise Catholicism 
To defend interests in Calais stipulated at Cateau Cambrésis

French take la Havre from English in March 1563
Loss of Calais and indemnity under treaty of Cateau Cambresis under Treaty of Troyes April 1564

Cardinal Granvelle (Sp) closes Flemish ports to English ships on pretext of plague outbreak, doesn’t resume trade until 1565, - warning that English shouldn’t sponsor Protestantism in Europe.

Question 7

Elizabeth I - Domestic policy questions (3)

Answer 7

Domestic policy
Scottish question
Succession
Marriage

Question 8

Elizabeth I - question of succession

Answer 8

Succession

Why raise the question?
Several bouts of illness October 1562-October 1572
Assassination of William of Orange

Other claimants
Lady Catherine Grey (sister of Jane Grey, d. 1568)
Mary, Queen of Scots
Married cousin, Henry Darnley, son of Countess of Lennox, to strengthen claim
Disliked by some on Council
Darnley murdered, married his assassin!
Civil war, defeat at Langside May 1568, comes to seek help from Elizabeth

Question 9

Elizabeth I and Marriage

Answer 9

Marriage
Privy council wanted her to marry. If she refuses, they scaremonger about secession in P. Ment until she does
Refused petitions of both houses in 1563
Some have incorrectly argued that P.ments pressured her by ‘trading’ (271) progress on subsidy bill (Taxes 4 lizzie) for progress on her marriage
Source of tension
Outburst 27th Oct 1567
Pointed out by Elizabeth that they couldn’t themselves agree on a suitable candidate
1559: “A queen, having reigned such a time, lived and died a Virgin’

Question 10

Increased stability in England from 1560s?

Answer 10

Increased stability from 1560s 
Some privy Councillors now JPs, too. 
Cecil in Lincolnshire, Northhamptonshire
Pembroke in Wiltshire 
Henry VIII, local patronage had a number of sources. Under Elizabeth, monopolised by courtiers - 272 
Influence didn’t stretch to North

Question 11

Dissent in North under Elizabeth i

Answer 11

Dissent in North
‘Qualified (272) allegiance to reign
Dissenters removed from positions of authority
Thomas Percy “deprived of wardenship of the Middle march” - 272

Effect?
became ‘destabilising’ force - 273

Northern Rising
Due to court realtions breaking down
Powerful lobby wanted Mary to marry Duke of Norfolk to secure seccession and protect interests
Backed by earls of Northumberland and Westmorland
Elizabeth vetoes Norfolk marriage —> Northumberland and Westmorland lose court connection
Norfolk sent to tower, N and W summoned , refuse

Accusations
Queen being led by corrupt ministers and councillors

Actions
March on Durham Cathedral, restor Catholic mass (14th November)
Ripon and Hartepool take, Five Wounds of Christ banner is raised at Ripon
Fail to take up arms and take Mary QoS from where she was confined in Tutbury

Failure
Westmoorland flees, Northuberland captured by Scots and sold to Elizabeth, executed 1572
700 rebels hung
Excursions into Scotland for raids and attacks on Castles that would weaken MQoS
Northern patronage re-distributed only to those favourable to Elizabeth I

Nature of revolt:
not ‘neo feudal’
led from Court

Question 12

Anglo- Spanish relations pre-Armarda

Answer 12

Anglo- Spanish relations
Seizure of Spanish Bullion in Dec 1568
Spanish arrest English merchants, Embargo on English goods in Netherlands

Similar Embargo on Spanish goods in England

Cecil suspected Catherine de Medici and Philip II were forming Catholic coalition
Alva led army into Netherlands in August 1567 —> Philip II had potential Catholic invasion force

Spanish Led ‘Ridolfi Plot’

Question 13

Elizabeth I’s relationship with Rome

Answer 13

Elizabeth and Rome
Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth Feb 1570
Protestants = loyalists ,Catholics = traitors
Parliaments forced to take Oath of Supremacy
Anti-Catholic legislation
Treason Act
Act prohibiting Catholic bulls
Act for confiscation of property from Catholic exiles
‘act confirming attainder of Northern rebels’ - 277

Question 14

Ridolfi Plot 1571

Answer 14

Ridolfi Plot
Spanish invasion plan to Enthrone Mary QoS
Highlighted that Mary was dangerous while alive as became ‘focal point’ (277) for Conspiracies
Duke of Norfolk implicated and executed 1572
Emergency p.ment session 8May
Wanted to execute Norfolk and subject Mary to attainer
Elizabeth indecisive on issue of Mary

Question 15

Six points of English diplomacy after St Bartholomew’s day massacre:

Answer 15

Six points of English diplomacy after St Bartholomew’s day massacre:

1) No interevention in Netherlands
2) Volunteers may help dutch
3) Anglo-French entente to ally against Spain
4) French to support Dutch revolt, but not themselves invade
5) Spain should be persuaded to let Netherlands have semi-autonomy again
6) French influence should not extend to Scotland (282)

Question 16

St Bartholomew’s day massacre’s effect on England

Answer 16

St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Strains Anglo-French relations
Ships sent to La Rochelle
munitions sent for Huguenots

Question 17

Marriage negotiations with Francis, duke of Alençon

Answer 17

Marriage negotiations with Francis, duke of Alençon (brother of Charles IX, Catholic, implicated in massacre
Alencon used to diplomatic advantage
October 1581, visits England and doesn’t marry

Question 18

Assassination of William of Orange, - when and significance?

Answer 18

Assassination of William of Orange, 10th July 1584

Fears that Elizabeth may be assassinated

Question 19

Threat from the Prince of Parla

Answer 19

Philip II’s Nephew, Prince of Parma, governor-general of the Netherlands
European protestant cause and opposition to spain vs uneccessary spending
Anti French after massacre vs marriage diplomacy
Elizabeth’s policy 1572-85: “attempted to reconcile conflicting strategic, commercial and religious interests at minimum cost”
If Parma subjugated Netherlands, Philip II could invade England

Question 20

Elizabeth rejects Dutch sovreignty in 1576-1585

Answer 20

Elizabeth rejects Dutch sovreignty in 1576-1585
Expensive
Didn’t want liability for European excursions
To avoid Philip II’s invasion signed alliance with States General
Infantry, Cavalry
£126 000 annually
Garrisons Breille and Flushing as surety
“if realpolitik at last dictated that she follow religion, instinct urged caution and reserve” - 288
Defensive>offensive
Ralegh: “Her Majesty did all by halves” - 289
Fate of Dutch not sole concern of England

Question 21

What led to Wyatt’s rebellion?

Answer 21

Mary failed to unite England and Rome because she proposed to Philip of Spain, the heir of Charles V
Her primary duty is to securing her secession
Philip offered her authority over hapsburg dominions and considerable power
But people hated the idea of this marriage —> Wyatt’s Rebellion

Question 22

Wyatt’s rebellion, 1554

Answer 22

Wyatt’s Rebellion
Rising in Midlands and Wales
Jan 1554, Thomas Wyatt and Kentish men march on London
Tower of London locked down
After a few confrontations, Wyatt surrenders to Pembroke at Charing’s Cross
Consequences
Jane Grey and husband implicated and executed (they would have been enthroned)
Elizabeth imprisoned (Sister, rival heir)
Charles V advises Mary execute Elizabeth

Question 23

Marriage of Mary I, 1554

Answer 23

Marriage, July 1554
Mary and Philip now “King and Queen of England, France, Naples, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Princes of Spain and Sicily, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Milan, Burgundy and Brabant, Counts of Hapsburg, Flanders and the Tyrol.” - 284
Ended after six weeks
Mary pregnant but miscarried as she was suffering from dropsy.

Question 24

The Persecutions under Mary I

Answer 24

The Persecutions
Spanish Marriage = Reconciliation with Rome
Henry VIII’s ecclesiastical measures repealed
Monastic lands retained
Revival of Heresy Laws, book in every diocese where faithful would have names recorded
Cardinal Pole, Papal Legate, sent to England

Persecutions begin Feb 1555
Bishop of Gloucester offered pardon at the stake but refused to recant. Early examples set precedent for later protestant Martyrs
No sign of wish to return to Rome
Saw childlessness as sign that heresy should be punished even more severely
Foxe, Book of Martyrs, gives accounts of many burnings
Latimer: We shall this day light such a candle, by God’s grace, in England, that it shall never be put out.

Death of Thomas Cranmer
Pope had to personally allow execution as he had invested him
Cranmer recants, and then again in public
Cecil estimates 400 burnings
Mary seen as to blame for persecutions

Question 25

Mary I Loss of Calais

Answer 25

Loss of Calais
Pope Paul IV, Pope as of 1555, wanted to drive Spanish from Naples
Declares war on Philip II in Jan 1557 —> Wife of excommunicated enemy
Britain enters war
Jan 1558, Duke of Guise besieges Calais
Mary had disbanded fleet so Calais’ garrison could not withstand the siege. Calais surrenders
Calais was Britain’s last continental possession and Britains means of engaging in the wool trade

Question 26

Death of Mary I

Answer 26

Mary dies November 7th 1558

Loss of Calais 
Loss of Husband
Childless
Failure to reconcile England and Rome 
Knew that successor would be the daughter of a heretic (Anne B.)

Question 27

Threats to England - who and how?

Answer 27

SPAIN
Philip II claimed right to rule and wanted Elizabeth as his wife
‘her only hope of preserving the peace was to commit herself to either party and to let each imagine her to be its champion.

FRANCE& SCOTLAND
Mary QoS
Mary QoS became Queen of France in 1559 when husband (Francis II) became king
Claim on English throne
Philip II (Sp) would not let France dominate England
Mary imprisoned at Holyrood when she returns to Scotland on the death of Francis I (1560) in 1561

Scotland
Catholic
Gentry Catholic, people Protestant
Lords of the Congregation: powerful nobles who became Protestant
Didn’t like Knox, but needed to combat Catholicism
Sends fleet to leith, makes Lords of the Congregation masters of Scotland

Question 28

William Cecil, Lord Burghley

Answer 28

William Cecil, Lord Burghley
Cautious and Tactful
Justified signature on Jane Grey’s succession document to Mary as a forced witness, concealed Protestant religion
Remained Elizabeth’s right hand man for the whole reign

Question 29

Elizabeth’s financial policy

Answer 29

Finance
New coin minted that was worth its face value
In five years, national debt reduced from £270 000 to £17 000
Creditors now offered England loans at much better rates
Prices were fixed at fair rates in the shires in 1563
Wool industry aided by law declaring that people aged 6yrs+ must all wear a wool cap on Sundays
Days for meat eating restricted to aid fishermen

Question 30

Elizabeth’s relationship with French Huguenots

Answer 30

French Huguenots
French Calvinists, followers of Jean Chauvin (John Calvin)
Aided by Elizabeth in 1562 in hope that they would eventually aid her in re-capturing Calais
Frightened at the prospect of an english invasion of France —> Peace with Catherine de’Medici —> Elizabeth withdraws troops from Normandy
Elizabeth realises she must make peace with French Catholics
Francis Walsingham sent to make peace
Promises to marry Anjou (Catherine’s son)
—> Treaty of Blois
Catherine attempts murder of Huguenot leader, Admiral Coligny, fails —> Panic —> Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of 10 000
Elizabeth upholds treaty but is now hesitant about marrying Anjou (c.f. Mary)

Question 31

Elizabeth’s relations with Spanish Protestants

Answer 31

Spanish Protestants
Not in Spain, but in the Netherlands
Charles V invests son (Philip II) with sovereignty of 17 Providences of Burgundian Netherlands
Protestantism appealed to independent nature of the Protestant lands
Duke of Alva sent in 1567 —> persecution —> rebellion led by William of Orange
Philip too busy suppressing this rebellion to invade England
Elizabeth aided them, allowing them to hide their ships at Dover, giving them subsidies, allowing Englishmen to enlist in their army
Simaltenously sent Walsingham to negotiate peace between William and a representative of Philip II

Question 32

Elizabeth’s relationship with Parliament

Answer 32

Elizabeth and Parliament
Parliament disagreed with Elizabeth on some matters
Wanted war with Spain
Wanted Elizabeth to marry
“They should do well to meddle with no matters of State but such as should be propounded to them” - these were ‘mysteries of state’ (Guy)
Freedom of speech seen as right to say ‘yes’ or ‘no’, not what you thought generally

Question 33

How did the Pope encourage opposition in England

Answer 33

Pope wanted to encourage opposition to Elizabeth in England
1579 sends Thomas Stukley to organise opposition in Ireland
Earl of Desmond raises Munster
Philip of Spain sends 600 to capture Smerwick —> defeated quickly, but disorder in Munster for four years
Scotland
Esme Stuart sent to Scotland to convert James VI
James recognises that he would forfit his right to succession if he converted, Esme leaves in 1582
England
Father Parsons petitions Pope to send order for revolt there
—> Jesuit priests persecuted and banished by Act of 1581, some 200 executed in her reign ‘for safety’s sake’ - 306

Question 34

Why Was 1584 a turning point for Elizabeth’s foreign policy

Answer 34

1584, a turning point?
William of Orange assassinated, Duke of Parma might subdue the Netherlands
Henry III, son of Catherine de Medici and King of France, had no sons. Younger brother died —> Henry of Navarre is heir —> French Catholics rally around Henry III to exclude Henry of Navarre
League allied with Spain who sent troops = neutrality. Therefore, Spanish could attack England

Question 35

Death of Mary QoS

Answer 35

The End of Mary QoS
1585, James VI recognised officially as heir
Conspiracy with Anthony Babington, Father Ballard (Jesuit) and Mary to free her and invite Spanish invasion was arranged whilst she stayed at Chardley Castle
Why did Walsingham wait for the plot to ‘mature’ - 308
French had accord with Philip, Mary’s life no longer assured safety from Spanish forces
1584, Association agreement among gentry to execute anyone conspiring against her life - people on Elizabeth’s side
Elizabeth hesitant
No English opposition to Mary’s execution, as treason was too far.
Executed Feb 8th 1587

Question 36

The Spanish Armarda 1572

Answer 36

Context for the Spanish Armada
1585, sends Francis Drake to West Indies to aid pirates there. They sack Domingo and Cartagena
1587, Spanish ports are constructing an Armada force. Walsingham tells Drake, who sails into Cadiz harbour and sinks 37 Spanish ships.
1588, fleet:
160 vessels
2600 guns
8000 sailors
22 000 soldiers
Commandd by Marquis of Santa Cruz
Confrontation
14 000 Soldiers assembled at Tilbury
Fleet at plymouth
June 14th, Armada sighted
Fleet manages not to be pinned in the harbour, but gets between the Armada and the coast
Duke of Medina Sidonia in charge, inexperienced (Santa Cruz dead)
Did not attack plymouth harbour, didn’t know it was empty
Armada lured away from Calais by fire ships, and sent into high sea
Battle of Gravelines August 8th 1588
Victory.
Those that landed in Ireland butchered
Half the fleet returns

Question 37

Naval War with Spain 1589-1604

Answer 37

Naval War with Spain 1589-1604
War continued, Spain continued to grow stronger with her empire
Had gained East Indies, Malabar Coast, Algiers, Brazil
Missionary expansion of Jesuits into South America, China, Japan
Raids against Spain
1589, 1595, 1596
Still threat of Spanish provoking insurrection in Ireland

Question 38

Tudor Reigns, dates

Answer 38

(Richard III preceded) 
Henry VII 1485-1529
Henry VIII 21 April 1509 – 28 January 1547
Edward VI 28 January 1547 – 6 July 1553
Jane I 10 July 1553 – 19 July 1553[2]
Mary I July 1553– 17 November 1558
Elizabeth I 17 November 1558 – 24 March 1603
(James I followed)

Question 39

Nealy historiography

Historiography

Answer 39

Neale: Dedicated group of puritans trying to reform government

G.R. Elton dismisses this on lack of evidence

Question 40

ON THE RELIGIOUS SETTLEMENT OF 1559

Historiography

Answer 40

ON THE RELIGIOUS SETTLEMENT OF 1559

Haigh: “Queen had tried to contain conservative opposition in the Lords, not radical pressure in the Commons”

Question 41

PRESBYTERIANISM

Historiography

Answer 41

PRESBYTERIANISM

Collinson: “Presbyterians’ were only a minority and their organisation was broken by 1590. Non Presbyterian Protestants were much more numerous and should be seen as part of mainstream Elizabethan Protestantism”

Stems from debate in the 1560’s over the survival of RCism–McGrath+Bossy vs. Haigh+Doran

Bossy: “seminary priests were critical in saving Roman Catholicism from extinction and created a ‘new’ Roman Catholic community which owed much to continental influences”

Haigh: “Influence of Seminary Priests much exaggerated –as has the growth of recusansy, Mission brought nothing new to English R.Catholicism and made numerous mistakes, turning existing Roman Catholic groups throughout the country into a ‘rump community’ confined to the gentry families in the North”

Suggests that the Priests do not go further than the S.East as have come from ferry ports.

“Impact is little, littered with errors”
Doran: “Says Haigh right in some respects eg: Idea of continuity between RC Communities of 1560’s and recusants of 1570’s and 1580’s. Agrees with Haigh that Priests did not bring with them a new form of ‘continental RCism’ Agrees that Priests did make some mistakes. Thinks Haigh to harsh in criticising over-reliance on gentry”

Agrees that not enough go North and that they waste too much time with gentry in private chapels.

‘Doran: “Polarisation in Catholicism, increasing numbers conforming contrasted to those who are still recusants. Further into the reign more pressure is applied on Catholics, and it becomes harder to retain commitment to Catholicism, especially with the appointment of new Protestant ministers in the 1580’s. More hard-line people dig their heels in and magistrates + informers keep an eye on priests and prominent Catholics.

Question 42

The Puritan Threat in Parliament

Historiography

Answer 42

The Puritan Threat in Parliament

Neale: That an influential group between 12 and 16 Marian exiles led a Puritan Choir of perhaps 100 MPs. At times they were exceptionally powerful, for example Neale argued that in 1559 as a result of their leadership and pressure they forced a conservative minded Elizabeth to make a more Protestant religious settlement that she wanted.

The Puritan Choir is presented as continuously pressurising Elizabeth during every Parliamentary meeting, i.e.:

Strickland’s 1571 Bill
Wentworth’s 1576 attacks on clerical abuses
Turner 1584 Bill for a Presbyterian structure
Turner’s 1587 ‘Bill and Book’ (Cope’s Bill)

He argued that they made a significant contribution to the development of parliamentary opposition, and that it was an organised group who arranged meetings and tactics. He argues that they were responsible for the long term rise of the Commons and thus a cause of the Civil Wars.

His Evidence
Much of the evidence for the existence of the Puritan Choir rests with the unreliable work of a seventeenth century Puritan sympathiser Simond D’Ewes, whose interests were highly partisan and ideas based on anonymous diaries. Neale as well took a Satirical Poem of 1566 as evidence for the existence of the Puritan Choir.

The Revisionist View

Due to recent research into Parliament, there now appears to be a consensus among historians that Neale’s views are unrealistic. Elton, Graves, Loach and Jones have rejected his views and created a new interpretation.

It seems that the Puritan Choir did not actually exist and that the influence of extreme Puritans who fled Marian persecution was greatly overstated by Neale. The strength of Puritans in the Commons was hugely overplayed by Neale. Doran and others argue that rather than a radical Puritan leadership enjoying the support and confidence of the House, the few individuals were unrepresentative, speaking mainly for themselves

Wentworth was sent to the Tower in 1576 not by the Queen (Neale) but by the House itself.
The Commons did not even make a formal protest when Elizabeth had Cope and 4 other MPs sent to the Tower in 1587 after Cope’s Bill.
No evidence of Marian exiles being a large group (about 4 genuine– Loach) others were incoherent set of individuals who did not provide leadership.

The perceived influence of Puritans over elections in the Commons was overstated by Neale. Successes were limited to very small boroughs under the influence of lay Puritan patrons, failed even in Puritan strongholds of Essex and Suffolk (Doran).

Question 43

Parliament (House of Commons)

Historiography

Answer 43

Parliament (House of Commons)

Traditional View: Parliament was an evolutionary body

Orthodox View: Parliament was an increasingly assertive body with continual opposition (Neale)

Revisionist View: Parliament’s legislative role most important, co-operation key theme (Elton)

Post-Revisionist:

Focusing on Political aspect which was to put pressure on EI
1560’s Privy Council using Parliament to oppose Elizabeth
Legislative role important as well.
Fairly harmonious but issues arise.
Not increasingly assertive and coherent (Graves)

MAJOR OPPOSITION

RELIGION (1559/71/87)
MARRIAGE (1563/67)
SUCCESSION (1584/86)
PARLIAMENTARY PRIVELEDGE (1598)

Graves: “When there were clashes, they were of no long term significance mostly because the opposition was neither organised nor strong enough to prevent a serious challenge to the Queen

Elton: “Stressed the role in the House of Lords, rather than Commons in initializing legislation. This was particularly true after 1571 when Cecil moved to the Lords.

“Many of the members of the upper house had such powers of patronage that they were able to control or influence members of the Commons and ensure that they did their bidding. They limited the lower House’s independence”

Question 44

Marriage

Historiography

Answer 44

Marriage

Haigh: “She did not want to hand over any political power to a husband because of women’s position at time. 1561 was a turning point, due to Dudley’s wife dying in ‘mysterious circumstances’ rumours grew and Elizabeth finally heeded Cecil’s advice not to marry Dudley”

Diplomatic manoeuvres used for political advantage and Elizabeth probably intended to remain single.

Doran: “Unexplained, she never ruled out the possibility of marriage and acknowledged that it was her duty to provide an heir in the first half of her reign. Image of the ‘virgin Queen’ was not deliberate. She did not need to be married to appear as a good ruler”

A foreign marriage raised many issues, xenophobia and politically, and she may be dragged into wars and pay, a husband may take Queen out of country leaving a viceroy. Birth of male child might threaten England’s national independence. Many people spoke out against foreign candidates.

Plowden: “Suggests early experience of the correlation between sex and violent death was deep in her subconscious”

Taylor Smith: Elizabeth adopts a male role of dominance, aggression etc. which made it impossible for the subservient role of marriage”

Alvaro de la Quadra (Sp. Ambassador): “Elizabeth is unhealthy and cannot conceive and bear children” Dudley + Queen tried to murder his wife.

Jordan: “Avoided marriage due to the risk of losing control like Mary I, not marrying elevated her rank as a female ruler”

Hurstfield: “Marriage and motherhood would temporarily limit the authority and power to rule – she would hate this”

Question 45

Faction

Historiography

Answer 45

Faction

Camden, Neale, Read:

Emphasised E’s skill in balancing factions at her court.

Revisionist View
Haigh: She used it for:

Showing off to public/foreign visitors
Develop relationships between major courtiers
Flattery and Political Loyalty
1560’s Dudley was a political threat as he was an important religious and military patron.

Broadly the Queen controls these factions (Dudley and Cecil)

His criticisms or Elizabeth and her management of the court.

Competition in court was too intense.
Produces childlike behaviour and near dangerous (eg Essex 1597 doesn’t get promoted & stays away from court and parliament, sulking).
However it was always likely to emerge as courtiers want to advance.

Question 46

Act of Uniformity

Answer 46

Implemented in the summer of 1559
Crux of Elizabethan Church, establishing a set form of worship.
The Prayer books of Edward VI were fused into one, and were to be used in every church in the land.
Church attendance on Sundays and holy days was made compulsory.
The wording of the Communion was to be vague so that Protestants and Catholics could both participate,
Had trouble getting passed through Parliament.
A large number of the Parliament, extremists on both sides, opposed the bill

Question 47

Foreign Policy: France

Answer 47

• 1558 - War with France
• Risk of War with France diminished by: a) Rebellion in Scotland that was anti-French b) Death of Henry II (His successor, Francis, is only 15)
• Death of Henry II –> Charles IX (1530) who is anti-Huguenot
• Marriage? Possible Marriage with Henry of Anjou. Dies 1582, presumptive heir (to French throne) is now Protestant = Catholics ally with Spain
• 1594, 20 000 sent to bolster French vs Phillip of Span + French Catholics (French wars of Religion 1562-1598, ends Edict of Nantes

Question 48

Foreign Policy: Spanish (by land)

Answer 48

• England and Spain initially allies. Philip of Span had married Mary I and thought he might marry Elizabeth
• Elizabeth Protestant –> No longer possibility of marriage
• Charles V Abdicates 1555, possessions split:
  Philip II gets NETHERLANDS AND SPAIN
  Ferdinand gets GERMANY AND AUSTRIA
  Maximillian - HRE
• Spanish suppression of Protestant revolt in the Netherlands –> 1570s, English rebels aided
• 1575, spain bankrupt, Netherlands unite
• Southern Union of Arras (1579) vs Union of Utrecht (1581)
• 1484, R. Dudley sent to netherlands with 7000 troops to assist protestants but little success

Question 49

Scottish foreign policy

Answer 49

• Mary QoS hostile but French (allies of Scots) were Catholic
• Elizabeth sends in John Knox and Enlish troops when French troops are sent to garrison Scottish forts (Treaty of Berwick)
• Treaty of Edinburgh 1660 removes French troops from Scottish garrisons
• Mary QoS murders Darnley (Feb 67) and runs off with James Hepburn
• -> Opposition from Confederate Lords –> Abdicates 1567
• Elizabeth, stronger with an unstable Scotland, holds Mary under ‘honourable imprisonment’
• Mary attracts plots: Northern Rising (1569) Ridolfi Plot (1570) Babingdon Plot (1572) –> Executed 1587
• James IV becomes king of Scotland –> Regency of James Stuart 1st Earl of Moray –> Scotland a pacified ally from 1580