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Bio 181 > Test 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Test 1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

For emergent properties of water

A

Cohesive behavior
Ability to moderate temperature
Expansion upon freezing
Versatility as a solvent

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2
Q

Cohesion

A

Sticking together of like molecules.

Helps the transport water against gravity implant

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3
Q

Adhesion

A

And attraction between different substances, for example, between water and plant cell walls

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4
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Draws conclusions through the logical process of induction

Repeating specific observations can lead to important generalizations

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5
Q

Hypothesis

A

Tentative answer to a well formed scientific question

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6
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

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7
Q

Element

A

Cannot be broken down by chemical reactions

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8
Q

Essential element

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen.

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9
Q

Chemical Equilibrium

A

Reached when the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate

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10
Q

Nonpolar covalent bonds

A

Shares electrons equally

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11
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

One is more electronegative so they do NOT share the electrons equally

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12
Q

Ionic Bond

A

An attraction between a anion and a cation

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13
Q

Vanderwall bond

A

Are attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges (Dipole Movement- delta minus and delta plus)

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14
Q

Surface tension

A

A measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid

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15
Q

Hydrophilic

A

One that has an affinity for water

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16
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Does not have an affinity for water

Oil molecules are hundred full big because they have NONPOLAR bonds

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17
Q

Isomers

A

Are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties
Structural isomers
Cis-Trans Isomers
Enantiomers

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18
Q

Polymer

A

Long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

Repeating units that serve as building blocks are called monomer

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19
Q

Enzymes (Proteins)

A

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions such as those that make you break down polymers

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20
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

Occurs when two monomers fun together through the loss of a water molecule

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21
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction
Brakes bonds using water; polymers are disassembled to monomers

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22
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Sugars in the polymers of sugars

Simple as carbohydrates are monosaccharides or simple sugars

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23
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Has molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH20

Glucose C6H1206 is the most common monosacchride

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24
Q

Disaccharide

A

Formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides

Does covalent bond is called the glycosdic linkage

25
Q

Polysaccharide

A

The polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles
Storage: starch, glycogen
Structural: cellulose, chitin

26
Q

Lipid

A

Hydrophobic because they consist of mostly hydrocarbons which for nonpolar covalent bond
Important Lipids: fats, phospholipids, and steroids

27
Q

Phospholipid

A

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol
Fatty acid tails are hydrophobic
Phosphate groups are hydrophilic

28
Q

Four levels of protein structure

A

Primary structure: A protein is Its unique sequence of amino acids
Secondary structure: found in most proteins, consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain
Tertiary structure: interactions among various sidechains (R Groups) - 3D structure
Quaternary Structure: protein consist of multiple polypeptide chains

29
Q

Chaperonins

A

Routine molecules that assist the proper folding of other protein

30
Q

Nucleotide

A

Monomers to Polynucleotides to nucleic acid’s

Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups

31
Q

Nucleoside

A

Nucleoside= Nitrogenous base + sugar
Two families of nitrogenous bases:
Pryimidines: cytosine, thymine, and uracil
Purines: adenine and guanine

32
Q

Prokaryotic cell eukaryotic cell

A

Prokaryotic: bacteria and archea
Eukaryotic: protists, fungi, animals and plants

33
Q

Basic features of all cells

A

Plasma membrane
Semi fluid substance called cytosol
Chromosomes: carry genes
Ribosomes: make proteins

34
Q

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having

A

No nucleus
DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
No membrane-bound organelle
Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane

35
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

DNA in the nucleus that is bounded by membranous nuclear envelope
Membrane bound organelles
Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus
Larger then prokaryotic cells

36
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA and proteins of chromosomes together

37
Q

Endomembrane system

A 
Nuclear Envelope 
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes 
Vacuoles 
plasma membrane

Components are either continuous or connected via transferred

38
Q

Lysosome

A

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules
Lysosomal enzymes Work best in the acidic environment inside the lysosome

39
Q

Autophagy

A

Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the cells on organelles and macromolecules

40
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies products of the ER
Manufactures certain macromolecules
Sorts of packages materials into transport vesicles

41
Q

Chloroplast

A

Found in plants and algae. They are sites of photosynthesis

42
Q

Mitochondria

A

Sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP

43
Q

Microtubule

A

Thickest of the three components of the cytoskeleton
Functions:
Shaping the cell
Guiding movement of organelles
Separating chromosomes during cell division

44
Q

Microfilaments

A

Actin filaments, are the thinnest component

45
Q

Intermediate filament

A

Fibers with diameters in the middle range
Permanent cytoskeleton
Support cell shape and fix organelles in place

46
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Made up of glycoproteins such as collagen proteoglycans in fibronectin
Functions include support, adhesion, movement, and regulation

47
Q

Plasmadesmata

A

Channels that perforate plant cell walls

Water and small solutes can pass from cell to cell

48
Q

Tight junctions

A

Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

49
Q

Desmosomes

A

Festen cells together into strong sheets (anchoring junctions)

50
Q

Gap junctions

A

Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

51
Q

Six major functions of membrane proteins

A 
Transport
Enzymatic activity
 Signal transduction
Cell to cell recognition
Intercellular Jerry
Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
52
Q

Permeability of the lipid bilayer

A

Hydrophobic, nonpolar, molecules such as hydrocarbons can dissolve in the lipid Bilayerand pass through the membrane rapidly

Hydrophilic molecules including ions and polar molecules do not cross the membrane easily

53
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Water diffuses across a membrane from the region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration until the solute concentration is equal on both sides

54
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability of the surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

55
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Transport proteins speed passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane
Transport proteins include channel proteins in carrier proteins

56
Q

Electrochemical gradients

A

A chemical force, the ions concentration gradient

An electrical force, the effect of the membrane potential on the ions movement

57
Q

Exocytosis

A

Transfer the circles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents outside the cell

58
Q

Endocytosis

A

The Cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane
ThreeTypes: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis

Bio 181 (5 decks)

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