Test 1 Study Guide

Question 1

For emergent properties of water

Answer 1

Cohesive behavior
Ability to moderate temperature
Expansion upon freezing
Versatility as a solvent

Question 2

Cohesion

Answer 2

Sticking together of like molecules.

Helps the transport water against gravity implant

Question 3

Adhesion

Answer 3

And attraction between different substances, for example, between water and plant cell walls

Question 4

Inductive reasoning

Answer 4

Draws conclusions through the logical process of induction

Repeating specific observations can lead to important generalizations

Question 5

Hypothesis

Answer 5

Tentative answer to a well formed scientific question

Question 6

Matter

Answer 6

Anything that takes up space and has mass

Question 7

Element

Answer 7

Cannot be broken down by chemical reactions

Question 8

Essential element

Answer 8

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen.

Question 9

Chemical Equilibrium

Answer 9

Reached when the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate

Question 10

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Answer 10

Shares electrons equally

Question 11

Polar covalent bonds

Answer 11

One is more electronegative so they do NOT share the electrons equally

Question 12

Ionic Bond

Answer 12

An attraction between a anion and a cation

Question 13

Vanderwall bond

Answer 13

Are attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges (Dipole Movement- delta minus and delta plus)

Question 14

Surface tension

Answer 14

A measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid

Question 15

Hydrophilic

Answer 15

One that has an affinity for water

Question 16

Hydrophobic

Answer 16

Does not have an affinity for water

Oil molecules are hundred full big because they have NONPOLAR bonds

Question 17

Isomers

Answer 17

Are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties
Structural isomers
Cis-Trans Isomers
Enantiomers

Question 18

Polymer

Answer 18

Long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

Repeating units that serve as building blocks are called monomer

Question 19

Enzymes (Proteins)

Answer 19

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions such as those that make you break down polymers

Question 20

Dehydration reaction

Answer 20

Occurs when two monomers fun together through the loss of a water molecule

Question 21

Hydrolysis

Answer 21

A reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction
Brakes bonds using water; polymers are disassembled to monomers

Question 22

Carbohydrate

Answer 22

Sugars in the polymers of sugars

Simple as carbohydrates are monosaccharides or simple sugars

Question 23

Monosaccharides

Answer 23

Has molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH20

Glucose C6H1206 is the most common monosacchride

Question 24

Disaccharide

Answer 24

Formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides

Does covalent bond is called the glycosdic linkage

Question 25

Polysaccharide

Answer 25

The polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles Storage: starch, glycogen Structural: cellulose, chitin

Question 26

Lipid

Answer 26

Hydrophobic because they consist of mostly hydrocarbons which for nonpolar covalent bond Important Lipids: fats, phospholipids, and steroids

Question 27

Phospholipid

Answer 27

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol Fatty acid tails are hydrophobic Phosphate groups are hydrophilic

Question 28

Four levels of protein structure

Answer 28

Primary structure: A protein is Its unique sequence of amino acids Secondary structure: found in most proteins, consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain Tertiary structure: interactions among various sidechains (R Groups) - 3D structure Quaternary Structure: protein consist of multiple polypeptide chains

Question 29

Chaperonins

Answer 29

Routine molecules that assist the proper folding of other protein

Question 30

Nucleotide

Answer 30

Monomers to Polynucleotides to nucleic acid's | Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups

Question 31

Nucleoside

Answer 31

Nucleoside= Nitrogenous base + sugar Two families of nitrogenous bases: Pryimidines: cytosine, thymine, and uracil Purines: adenine and guanine

Question 32

Prokaryotic cell eukaryotic cell

Answer 32

Prokaryotic: bacteria and archea Eukaryotic: protists, fungi, animals and plants

Question 33

Basic features of all cells

Answer 33

Plasma membrane Semi fluid substance called cytosol Chromosomes: carry genes Ribosomes: make proteins

Question 34

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having

Answer 34

No nucleus DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid No membrane-bound organelle Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane

Question 35

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 35

DNA in the nucleus that is bounded by membranous nuclear envelope Membrane bound organelles Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus Larger then prokaryotic cells

Question 36

Chromatin

Answer 36

DNA and proteins of chromosomes together

Question 37

Endomembrane system

Answer 37

``` Nuclear Envelope Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles plasma membrane ``` Components are either continuous or connected via transferred

Question 38

Lysosome

Answer 38

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules Lysosomal enzymes Work best in the acidic environment inside the lysosome

Question 39

Autophagy

Answer 39

Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the cells on organelles and macromolecules

Question 40

Golgi apparatus

Answer 40

Modifies products of the ER Manufactures certain macromolecules Sorts of packages materials into transport vesicles

Question 41

Chloroplast

Answer 41

Found in plants and algae. They are sites of photosynthesis

Question 42

Mitochondria

Answer 42

Sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP

Question 43

Microtubule

Answer 43

Thickest of the three components of the cytoskeleton Functions: Shaping the cell Guiding movement of organelles Separating chromosomes during cell division

Question 44

Microfilaments

Answer 44

Actin filaments, are the thinnest component

Question 45

Intermediate filament

Answer 45

Fibers with diameters in the middle range Permanent cytoskeleton Support cell shape and fix organelles in place

Question 46

Extracellular matrix

Answer 46

Made up of glycoproteins such as collagen proteoglycans in fibronectin Functions include support, adhesion, movement, and regulation

Question 47

Plasmadesmata

Answer 47

Channels that perforate plant cell walls | Water and small solutes can pass from cell to cell

Question 48

Tight junctions

Answer 48

Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

Question 49

Desmosomes

Answer 49

Festen cells together into strong sheets (anchoring junctions)

Question 50

Gap junctions

Answer 50

Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

Question 51

Six major functions of membrane proteins

Answer 51

``` Transport Enzymatic activity Signal transduction Cell to cell recognition Intercellular Jerry Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix ```

Question 52

Permeability of the lipid bilayer

Answer 52

Hydrophobic, nonpolar, molecules such as hydrocarbons can dissolve in the lipid Bilayerand pass through the membrane rapidly Hydrophilic molecules including ions and polar molecules do not cross the membrane easily

Question 53

Osmosis

Answer 53

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane Water diffuses across a membrane from the region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration until the solute concentration is equal on both sides

Question 54

Tonicity

Answer 54

The ability of the surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

Question 55

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 55

Transport proteins speed passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane Transport proteins include channel proteins in carrier proteins

Question 56

Electrochemical gradients

Answer 56

A chemical force, the ions concentration gradient An electrical force, the effect of the membrane potential on the ions movement

Question 57

Exocytosis

Answer 57

Transfer the circles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents outside the cell

Question 58

Endocytosis

Answer 58

The Cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane ThreeTypes: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis