Skeletal system

Question 1

The pelvis can be divided into two parts, what are they and what form their boundaries?

Answer 1

Greater (false) pelvis and lesser (true) pelvis

Greater is more superior and supports the abdominal organs.

The boundary between them are formed by:
Posterior: Sacral promontary
Laterally: Iliopectineal line
Anterior: Pubic symphysis

The opening is called the pelvic inlet and the edges are known as the pelvic brim

Question 2

What are the boundaries for the pelvid outlet?

Answer 2

Located at the end of the lesser pelvis

Borders:
Posterior: Tip of coccyx
Anterior: Pubic arch
Lateral: Ischial tuberosities and inferor margin of sacrotuberous ligament

Question 3

What is a joint capsule?

Answer 3

Is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. Each joint capsule has two parts: an outer fibrous layer or membrane, and an inner synovial layer or membrane.

The fibrous membrane of the joint capsule is attached to the whole circumference of the articular end of each bone entering into the joint, and thus entirely surrounds the articulation. It is made up of dense irregular connective tissue.

Question 4

Ulnar collateral ligament have 3 parts, which?

Answer 4

Anterior and posterior part with a transverse part between them

Question 5

Which nerve passes between the two heads of the pronator teres (humural and ulnar head)?

Answer 5

Median nerve

Question 6

Which nerve passes through the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

Answer 6

Ulnar nerve

Question 7

Median nerve give branches to what in the hand?

Answer 7

Reccurent branch to:

• 2 radial lumbricals
• 3 thener muscles (motor innervation to opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis and superficial part of flexor pollicis brevis).

Digital cutaneous branches to common palmar digital branch and proper palmar digital branch of the median nerve which supply the

• lateral (radial) three and a half digits on the palmar side
• dorsum of the tips of index, middle and thumb

Question 8

What attaches to Gerdys tubercle?

Answer 8

Iliotibial tract

Gerdy’s tubercle is a smooth facet on the lateral aspect of the upper part of the tibia, just below the knee joint and adjacent to the tibio-fibular joint, where the iliotibial tract runs down the outside part of the thigh. It is the point of insertion for the Iliotibial band of the lateral thigh

Question 9

What are the name of the intracapsular ligament in the hip joint?

Answer 9

Ligament of head of the femur.

Question 10

What are the names of the extracapsular ligaments of the hipjoint? Which one is the strongest?

Answer 10

Iliofemoral (strongest), ichiofemoral and pubofemoral ligament.

Question 11

Which bones can we find in the foot?

Answer 11

Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiform, 5 metatarsophalangeal joint and 14 phalanges (big toe dont have a middle phalanges)

Question 12

Clinicals for the foot: Where does the line of ampuration occur in chopart`s and Lisfranc joint?

Answer 12

Chopart`s joint: Transverse cut from the tarsals (between talus and calcaneus - and - Cuboid and navicular bone)

Lisfranc joint: Cut between the intermediate metatarsals and the tarsometatarsal

Question 13

The deltoid ligament of the ankle consists of which parts?

Answer 13

Located on the medial side of the ankle - 4 parts:

Anterior + poster

Question 14

Name the 3 muscles that forms the erector spinae

Answer 14

“I love sex”

Iliocostalis (lateral)
Longissimus (in the middle)
Spinalis (medial)

Iliocostalis is the only one that has some fibers origin form the lumbar part - iliocostalis lumorum, thoracic and crevices

Longissimus - thoracic, cervicis and capitis

Spinalis - thoracic, cervicic and capitis

Question 15

Name the 3 deep rotators of the spine

Answer 15

Multifides
Rotatores
Semispinalis

Shaped like an inverted “V” or an A

Rotators are the deepest muscles. Always found in the thoracic part. Can also be found in the lumbar and cervical part (variable). Go from the transverse process to the spinous process 1 or 2 vertebra above. Cause rotation of the spine (unilateral side)

Multifidi are most present in the lumbar region. Go from the transverse process to the spinous process 3-4 vertebrae above. Unilateral rotation

Semispinalis (thoracic, cervicis and capitis). Unilateral rotation. Transverse process to the spinous process to the spinous process 4-6 vertebrae above. These muscles have the longest insertion-orign.

Question 16

What is special with the deep back muscles?

Answer 16

Epaxial origin. They are innervated by dorsal rami of spinal nerves.

Question 17

What are the suboccipital muscles and are there any triangles?

Answer 17

Rectus capitis posterior major
Rectus capitis posterior minor
Obliquus capitis inferior
Obliqus capitis superior

Suboccipital triangle is formed by:
Medial: Rectus capitis posterior major
Lateral: Obliquus capitis superior
Caudal: Obliquus capitis inferior
Floor: Atlanto-occipital membrane

Content: Vertebral artery (atlantic part), great occipital nerve and suboccipital nerve.

Suboccipital nerve: dorsal ramus of C1, passing through the suboccipital triangle and sending branches to the Rectus capitis posterior major and minor, Obliquus capitis superior and inferior, Rectus capitis Lateralis, and semispinalis capitis

Vertebral Artery: Located on the posterior arch of Atlas (can be palpated) in the vertebral suclus. On the atlas, it runs a little lateral, and then turns medially. after, it pierces through the posterior atlantooccipital membrane and enters the skull to supply the brain