Question 1

Overview of Energy Metabolism

Accepted Answer

1. hydrolysis and absorption 2. conversion to Acetyl CoA and reduction of NAD and FAD 3. TCA: Acetyl CoA to Co2, and reduction of NAD and FAD 4. Oxidative Phosphorylation; ETC: NADH/FADH energy released. Produces ATP. Requires O2 1. fuels are hydrolyzed in the GIT tract and absorbed 2. fuels degraded in various pathways to common intermediate Acetyl CoA. - most energy from fuels contained in chemical bonds of Acetyl CoA - a smaller portion of energy is concerned in reducing FAD to FADH2 3. TCA cycle oxidizes Acetyl CoA to CO2 - energy released in this process is converted by reducing NAD to NADH or FAD to FADH2 4. Oxidative Phosphorylation releases energy in NADH and FADH2 via ETC and used to product ATP - requires O2

Question 2

Carbohydrates are converted to?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates --> Glucose --> Pyruvate --> Acetyl CoA --> TCA cycle

Question 3

Protein is converted to?

Accepted Answer

Protein --> AA --> --> Acetyl CoA --> TCA or Protein --> AA --> --> Pyruvate --> Acetyl CoA --> TCA

Question 4

Fat is converted to?

Accepted Answer

Fat --> Fatty Acids --> Acetyl Coa (via beta oxidation)

Question 5

_____ is the final common product of sugar, protein, and fat metabolism

Accepted Answer

Acetyl CoA (which then goes into the TCA cycle)

Question 6

___ is a polymer of glucose

Accepted Answer

glycogen

Question 7

Half of the energy from metabolic fuels is captured as ATP, the rest is ____

Accepted Answer

Half of the energy from metabolic fuels is captured as ATP, the rest is given off as heat

Question 8

- Insulin is an anabolic hormone that promotes _____ - it is opposed by:

Accepted Answer

- Insulin is an anabolic hormone that promotes fuel storage - opposed by: - glucagon - epinephrine - cortisol - growth hormone

Question 9

There is a limited amount of ATP in circulation. Most of the excess energy from the diet is stored as ____

Accepted Answer

- There is a limited amount of ATP in circulation. Most of the excess energy from the diet is stored as FATTY ACIDS and GLYCOGEN (a polymer of glucose) - FA = a reduced polymer of acetyl CoA - Glycogen = a polymer of glucose

Question 10

Cholesterol is required for

Accepted Answer

- membrane structure - proteins for muscle contraction - polysaccharides for the ICM

Question 11

The major function of glucagon is to

Accepted Answer

respond rapidly to decreased blood glucose levels by promoting: - the synthesis and - release of glucose into circulation

Question 12

Anabolic and catabolic pathways are controlled at 3 important levels:

Accepted Answer

- allosteric inhibitors and activators of rate-limiting enzymes - control fo gerne expression by insulin and glucagon - phosphorylation (glucaon) and dephosphorylation (insulin) of rate-limiting enzymes

Question 13

3 major tissues for insulin are:

Accepted Answer

- liver - muscle - adipose tissue

Question 14

insulin promotes

Accepted Answer

1. glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscle 2. after the glycogen stores are filled, the liver converts excess glucose to fatty acids and triglycerides 3. insulin promotes TG synthesis in adipose tissue and protein synthesis in muscle - as well as glucose entry into both tissues

Question 15

After a meal, most of the energy needs of the liver are met by _____

Accepted Answer

the oxidation of excess AA

Question 16

Immediately after a meal....

Accepted Answer

blood glucose levels rise and stimulate the release of insulin

Question 17

Tissues insensitive to insulin (aka are insulin independent)

Accepted Answer

- brain and RBC

Question 18

brain and other nerves derive energy from

Accepted Answer

- oxidizing glucose to CO2 and water in both the well-fed and normal fasting states - only in prolonged fasting does this situation change - in a fast, the liver pumps as much glucose into the blood stream as possible for the brain and RBC

Question 19

Under all conditions, RBC use _____ for all their energy needs

Accepted Answer

Under all conditions, RBC use glucose anaerobically for all their energy needs

Question 20

_____ levels rise during an overnight fast

Accepted Answer

- Glucagon and epinephrine levels rise during an overnight fast - these hormones exert their effects on skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver

Question 21

In response to fasting...

Accepted Answer

1. glucagon and epinephrine levels rise 2. in liver, glycogen degradation (glycogenolysis) and the release of glucose into the blood are stimulated 3. hepatic gluconeogenesis is also stimulated by glucagon, but the response is slower than that of glycogenolysis 4. the release of AA from skeletal muscle and FA from adipose tissue are both stimulated by: - the decrease in insulin and - by an increase in epinephrine 5. the AA and FA are taken up by the liver, where: - the AA provide carbon skeletons and - the oxidation of FA provides the ATP necessary for gluconeogenesis

Question 22

Glucagon effects:

Accepted Answer

1. phosphorylation of enzymes 2. gene expression 3. allosteric inhibition, activation

Question 23

Why don't RBC do the TCA cycle or ETC?

Accepted Answer

bc they don't have mitochondria

Question 24

where are FA made?

Accepted Answer

FA are made in the liver and moved to the adipose tissue

Question 25

What stimulates lipoprotein lipase?

Accepted Answer

insulin

Question 26

the release of AA from skeletal muscle and FA from adipose tissue are both stimulated by ......

Accepted Answer

the release of AA from skeletal muscle and FA from adipose tissue are both stimulated by: - the decrease in insulin and - by an increase in epinephrine

Question 27

Adipose cells get glycerol to make ___

Accepted Answer

Adipose cells get glycerol to make TG from glycolysis

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Overview of Energy Metabolism (Biochem Ch 11) Flashcards

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