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Epidemiology > Emerging Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Emerging Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is an “Emerging Disease”?

A

A previously UNKNOWN disease that appears in a population.
OR
A previously known disease that suddenly appears in a NEW population.

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2
Q

What is a “Re-emerging Disease”?

A

A known disease, previously on the DECLINE that is once again becoming more common and will likely continue to do so.

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3
Q

What were the effects of the re-emergence of Foot and Mouth Disease in the UK in 2001?

A
  1. Massive culling of cattle, sheep and pigs to stop disease
  2. Environmental effects of carcass disposal
  3. Quarantine of people and animals
  4. The economic cost of controlling the outbreak
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4
Q

What are the steps in handling an outbreak?

A

Detection, Investigation and Response

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5
Q

What are the 5 stages of Cross-species disease emergence?

A
  1. Agent only in animals
  2. Single/Primary infection of person or other animal, no transmission (dead end host)
  3. Infection of people/other animals with a few cycles of transmission
  4. Spread to people/other animals with sustained transmission among them
  5. Pathogen exclusive to humans or new animal reservoir
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6
Q

True or False: Most pathogens have multiple host species?

A

TRUE

Only 37.3% of pathogens only have one known host. The majority of pathogens infect multiple hosts.

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7
Q

Give an example of a stage 2 pathogen and its dead end hosts.

A

Rabies

  • Reservoirs are carnivores and bats
  • Dead end hosts are cattle and horses

WNV, EEEV and WEEV

  • Reservoirs are birds
  • Dead end hosts are humans, horses and dogs

Avian Influenza H5N1

  • Reservoirs are waterfowl and poultry
  • Dead end hosts are humans
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8
Q

Give an example of a stage 3 pathogen and the “new” hosts.

A

Mycobacterium bovis

  • Transmitted to people from cattle, elk or bison, via respiratory route
  • Poor human to human transmission

Nipah Virus

  • Transmitted by fruit bats
  • Human to human transmission occurs
  • Pig to pig transmission occurs
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9
Q

Give an example of a stage 4 pathogen and the “new” hosts.

A

SARS

  • Transmitted from fruit bats
  • Now efficient transmission between humans

Swine Influenza H1N1

  • Transmitted from swine
  • Now efficient transmission between humans
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10
Q

What are a few stage 5 pathogens that are now exclusive to humans, and where did they originate?

A

HIV/AIDs - originating from non-human primates
Measles - originating from cattle
Dengue - originating from old world primates
Yellow Fever - originating from African primates

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11
Q

What are some Drivers behind pathogen emergence?

A

Land Use changes
Food and Agricultural systems
Environmental systems
Human behavior

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12
Q

What major factors can lead to a rapid increase in transmission?

A
  1. Travel and Tourism
    - A person infected with an exotic disease anywhere in the world can be in a major US city within hours (may not even show signs yet)
    - Animal-based tourism increases contact with domestic and wildlife species.
  2. Bioterrorism (intentional release)
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13
Q

What are the major determinants of emergence?

A
  1. Host susceptibility
  2. Pathogen type and mutations
  3. Phylogenetic distance from the reservoir
  4. Transmission from reservoir
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14
Q

Of the >1400 species of pathogens known to infect humans, what percentage are zoonotic?

A

61% of pathogens that infect humans are zoonotic

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15
Q

What percentage of emerging diseases in humans are known to be zoonotic?

A

75% of emerging human diseases are zoonotic

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16
Q

How to pathogen adaptations or mutations increase the probability of emergence?

A
  • Increased antibiotic resistance
  • Increased virulence (toxins, etc)
  • Enhanced transmissibility
  • Evasion of host immunity
17
Q

Why is phylogenetic distance between the reservoir and new host of importance?

A
  • Pathogens are more likely to cross between closely related species
  • Pathogens that somehow cross between distantly related species often cause very different, often more severe, disease
18
Q

What factors involving the reservoir can increase transmission?

A
  • Increased numbers/abundance of the reservoir species
  • Increased pathogen prevalence within the reservoir
  • Increased contact between the reservoir and the new host
19
Q

What are the roles of veterinarians in handling emerging diseases?

A
  1. Prevention - by education, antimicrobials and food inspection
  2. Surveillance, Identification and Prediction
  3. Control
  4. Communication - OneHealth

Epidemiology (8 decks)

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