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Epidemiology > Surveillance > Flashcards

Surveillance Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of surveillance?

A

Systematic continuous observation of populations, and collection and analysis of data from many varied sources

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2
Q

What is the purpose of Surveillance?

A

For rapid detection and timely, appropriate response to important health events.

  • Rapid detection of disease outbreaks (early detection prevents catastrophic losses) Ex. FMD in UK 2001
  • Support disease control and eradication
  • Assess population health and safety of food products
  • Produce information about disease
  • Evaluate disease control/biosecurity programs
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3
Q

What are the Goals of surveillance?

A
  • To maintain and improve animal welfare, animal health and economic viability of animal-based food production systems
  • Protection of public health by control of zoonotic and food borne diseases
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4
Q

What are OIE member nations’ duties in regards to assessing the health of populations and safety of food products?

A
  1. Member nations are obligated to estimate the disease risk associated with their animals and animal products (amt of disease or freedom of disease)
    • Essential for trade
    • Requires surveillance, well-trained vets, diagnostic labs and legislation to facilitate disease control
  2. Member nations are required to report the occurrence of listed and emerging diseases
    • Requires OIE acceptable surveillance
    • Borders will close if trade limiting disease is detected
    • Borders can be closed if a nation has substandard surveillance, even if no disease is detected
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5
Q

What is the information produced about diseases (i.e. their importance, changing distribution, changing risk factors, etc) used for?

A

The information is used for:

  • Setting research priorities
  • Emergency preparedness
  • Government directed disease control programs
  • Veterinarians and farmers to manage disease
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6
Q

How is surveillance helpful in evaluating the effectiveness of disease control, biosecurity and border security programs?

A

Surveillance can detect failure of biosecurity and border security, thus helping to improve future security.

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7
Q

What are the 3 components of surveillance?

A
  1. Detection
  2. Response
  3. Communication
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8
Q

What is the definition and goal of Detection?

A

Detection is the observation of a population or collection, analysis and interpretation of data from a population (outbreak investigation and diagnostic pathology)

Goal is timely detection and ID of:

  • Important disease events in the population
  • Changes in health status of the population
  • Changes in risk factors for diseases in a population
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9
Q

What is the definition and goal of Response?

A

Response is the immediate reaction to disease outbreaks and events considered part of surveillance

Goal is timely, appropriate response to disease events to:

  • Minimize the impact (loss of animals, productivity, etc)
  • Minimize the cost of the response
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10
Q

What is the goal of Communication?

A

To produce and communicate timely accurate info about the health or disease status of the population for:

  • Outbreak response
  • Disease control and management
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11
Q

What is Animal Health Surveillance?

A

The surveillance of animals for diseases of importance in animals and in people

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12
Q

What is Public Health Surveillance?

A

The surveillance of people for human diseases

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13
Q

What is Biosurveillance?

A

The surveillance of humans, animals and plants for diseases affecting any or all of them

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14
Q

What is Food Safety Surveillance?

A

The surveillance of food production chains and people for food safety risks and foodborne diseases

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15
Q

What are the 4 types of surveillance?

A
  1. Passive surveillance
  2. Active surveillance
  3. Sentinel surveillance
  4. Targeted surveillance
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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Passive Surveillance?

A
  • Little or no control over who provides samples/data
  • Submission is initiated by and at the discretion of the sample/data provider
  • *Is the most common type of surveillance
17
Q

What are some examples of Passive Surveillance in use today?

A
  1. Reportable disease programs - while mandatory, vets, labs, farmers, etc, initiate the reporting at their discretion (ex. Rabies, Scrapie, Foodborne illness, etc)
  2. Sero-surveys at auction markets and slaughter plants - animals are presented for sale or slaughter at the owner’s discretion
  3. Diagnostic lab submission surveillance - owners/vets/physicians submit samples at their discretion
  4. Real time surveillance (emergency rooms, hospital records, sales of pharmaceuticals, public school absenteeism)
  5. Promed mail
  6. Digital disease surveillance
18
Q

What are the pros of passive surveillance?

A
  1. Reportable disease programs provide continuous surveillance
  2. Lab surveillance can detect emerging diseases
  3. It is inexpensive
19
Q

What are the cons of passive surveillance?

A
  1. Little control over who provides data/samples
  2. Not a representative sample of the population
  3. Won’t work for less valued animals that don’t use veterinary services
  4. If disease is stigmatized, farmers won’t report
20
Q

What are the characteristics of Active Surveillance?

A
  • Involves the committed effort of the veterinary/health authority to identify subjects for data or samples.
  • Vets initiate sample/data collection by identifying the surveillance subjects.
  • Vets call, visit, and actively seek out cases of disease or data
21
Q

What are the pros of Active Surveillance?

A
  • Can be representative of the population, making valid estimates of the amount of disease and importance of disease in the population, but requires being able to identify all individuals in the population
22
Q

What are the cons of Active Surveillance?

A
  • Very expensive and labor intensive
  • Usually done once or intermittently - not good for early detection of outbreaks or emerging diseases
  • Sometimes may not be representative of the population - if you can’t identify all individuals in the population
23
Q

What are the characteristics of Sentinel Surveillance?

A
  • A small group is monitored as an indicator of the greater population health or disease risk (ex. sentinel farms, veterinary practices, physicians)
24
Q

What are the pros of Sentinel Surveillance?

A
  • Less expensive than monitoring the whole population
  • Often the only method available
  • Allows intensive, multiple testing…. early warning
25
Q

What is the con of Sentinel Surveillance?

A

May not be representative of the population

26
Q

What are the characteristics of Targeted Surveillance?

A
  • Targets a specific segment of the population to enhance detection of disease
    Ex. Targeting downer cattle for BSE testing
27
Q

What are the pros and cons of Targeted Surveillance?

A

Pro - Enhanced efficiency, reduced cost

Con - May not be representative of the population

28
Q

How is surveillance used to help AF (accredited free) States to maintain their status and eradicate bovine TB?

A

Each State must:
- Make Bovine TB reportable by law (surveillance)

  • Have a veterinary infrastructure that can conduct a TB eradication program
  • Conduct surveillance to demonstrate that prevalence of TP is less than 2% with 95% confidence in cattle and bison
  • Must use accredited vets for TB testing
29
Q

What two organizations collaborate to create a list of human diseases that are reportable at the national level?

A

The CDC and the CSTE (Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists)

30
Q

What is the NNDSS?

A

The National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System

  • the list of human diseases that are reportable on a national level
  • Report via national online system
  • Voluntary reporting by states to the CDC
  • List of reportable diseases varies by state
31
Q

What organization is in charge of publishing an annual summary of Nationally Notifiable Infectious Conditions?

A

The CDC

32
Q

What is the MMWR?

A

The Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report

  • Reports data sent in by state health departments
  • Made available by the CDC
33
Q

What is NAHMS?

A

The National Animal Health Monitoring System

  • Created by the USDA and APHIS
  • Collect, analyze and disseminate data on animal health, management and productivity in the US
  • Data is collected from many sources both actively and passively
  • Provides information to APHIS, livestock industries, veterinarians and other stakeholders
34
Q

What are NAHMS’ goals?

A
  1. Early detection and global surveillance of FADs
  2. Early detection and global surveillance of Emerging Diseases
  3. Enhanced surveillance for current “program diseases”
  4. Monitoring and surveillance for diseases of major impact on production and marketing
35
Q

What is BioSense?

A
  • A CDC program that tracks health problems as they evolve
  • Provides public health officials with the data, information and tools
  • Prepare and coordinate responses to safeguard and improve the health of the American people
  • Voluntary, as many local, regional and state public health depts participate
  • Real-time, web-based data collection, outbreak detection and information reporting of emergency rooms, paramedics, pharmaceutical sales, etc
36
Q

What is Foodnet?

A

An Active Surveillance network for Foodborne Diseases in the US

-Collaboration of CDC, USDA, EIP sites, and the FDA

37
Q

What are the objectives of Foodnet?

A
  • Determine the burden of foodborne illness in the US
  • Monitor trends in the burden of specific foodborne illness over time
  • Attribute the burden of foodborne illness to specific foods and settings
  • To disseminate information that can lead to improvements in public health practice and develop interventions to reduce the burden of foodborne illness
38
Q

What are the practices of Foodnet in order to meet its objectives?

A
  • Active lab-based surveillance
  • Survey of clinical labs
  • Survey of physicians
  • Survey of the general population
  • Epidemiological studies

Epidemiology (8 decks)

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