IMMS

Question 1

Mitochondria structure

Answer 1

double envelope membrane, folded into cristae (increase SA)

Question 2

Which processes take place in mitochondria (and specifically where)

Answer 2

• matrix, TCA cycle, link reaction and beta oxidation
• outer mem, lipid synthesis and FA metabolism
• inner mem, resp chain and ATP production
• inner mem space, ADP->ATP phosphorylation

Question 3

Types of endoplasmic reticulum and their function

Answer 3

• rough ER, packages proteins
• smooth ER, detox of hydrophobic molecules and mem lipid synthesis
• sarcoplasmic R, stores and releases Ca2+

Question 4

Golgi apparatus function

Answer 4

modification and packaging of proteins

Question 5

Vesicle function

Answer 5

transport of proteins and enzymes

Question 6

Peroxisomes function

Answer 6

• consumes molecular oxygen
• removes hydrogen from lipids, alcohol and toxic substances
• produces H202 (can also destroy)
• FA breakdown

Question 7

Components of cytoskeleton

Answer 7

1) actin filaments (G & F actin)
2) intermediate filaments (nuclear laminin, keratin)
3) microtubules (tubulin)

Question 8

Structure of cell membrane

Answer 8

• phospholipid bilayer
• cholesterol
• proteins
• sphingolipids
• glycolipids

Question 9

Function of cell membrane

Answer 9

1) barrier
2) detect chemical messengers arriving at cell surface
3) link adjacent cells
4) anchor cells to ECM
5) endo/exocytosis
6) allows AP to occur

Question 10

Role of proteins in cell membrane

Answer 10

1) receptors to receive messages
2) protein channels to control cell content
3) maintains structural integrity
4) bind cell to ECM and anchor cells
5) AT pumps

Question 11

What makes up cilia?

Answer 11

Tubulin and dyenin

Question 12

Types of membrane proteins

Answer 12

1) G couples protein receptors (transduction pathways)
2) voltage gated channels (open at certain MP)
3) ligand gated channels (open when something binds to them)
4) mechanically gated channels (open when stretched)

Question 13

Types of cell junction

Answer 13

1) tight, stop certain substances passing through
2) gap, allow passage of small molecules
3) desmosomes, allow degree of stretch (mainly structural not functional)

Question 14

Types of movement across a cell membrane

Answer 14

1) diffusion
2) facilitated diffusion
3) primary AT
4) secondary AT (coupled)
5) exocytosis
6) endocytosis (basic, pinocytosis, receptor mediated)

Question 15

glucose + glucose =

Answer 15

sucrose

Question 16

galactose + glucose =

Answer 16

lactose

Question 17

fructose + glucose =

Answer 17

maltose

Question 18

what are the start and stop codons?

Answer 18

start = AUG
stop = UAA, UAG, UGA

Question 19

Define acid

Answer 19

proton donor

Question 20

define base

Answer 20

proton acceptor

Question 21

define buffer

Answer 21

weak acid with its conjugated base

Question 22

function of enzymes

Answer 22

biological catalysts

Question 23

function of co-enzymes

Answer 23

maximise action of enzymes functional groups

Question 24

Buffers in the body

Answer 24

1) Bicarb
2) Proteins in plasma, contain weak acid/base groups that can ‘mop up’ H+
3) haemoglobin, transports C02, 02 and buffers H+

Question 25

what is the anion gap?

Answer 25

difference between primary measured cations (+) and primary measured anions (-)

Question 26

define free radical

Answer 26

atom, molecule or ion with an unpaired electron

highly reactive and damaging to DNA

Question 27

examples of free radicals

Answer 27

1) OH (hydroxyl radical)
2) 02- (superoxide)
3) H202

Question 28

What is the benefit of ROS?

Answer 28

Respiratory burst, rapid release of oxygen species from cells (free radicals)

• neutrophils use resp burst to break down bacterial cell walls during phagocytosis
• rapid release of ROS from cells harms bacteria

Question 29

What are the damaging effects of ROS?

Answer 29

• cellular damage

- damages membranes, nucleus and ER